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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sensorimotor Stage
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Birth to 2 years: thought is based on action; learn about objects and people through sensory information and the actions that can be performed on them. Prominent learning through circular reactions (behaviours performed to reproduce events that initially occured by chance).
Important accomplishments: -development of object permanence -beginning of an understanding of causality -emergence of deferred imitation and make-believe play |
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Sensory Motor Stage-Substage 1: Relexive Schemas
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birth to 1 month: exercises relexed and begins to gain control over them
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Sensorimotor Stage: Substage 2: Primary Circular Reactions
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1 to 4 months: attempts to repeat pleasurable events invoving their own body (e.g., thumbsucking)
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Sensorimotor Stage: Substage 3: Secondary Circular Reactions
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4 to 8 months: attempts to reproduce pleasurable events involving other people and objects (e.g., shaking a rattle)
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Sensorimotor Stage: Substage 4: Coordinated Secondary Circular Reactions
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8 to 12 months: conbines secondary circular reactions (schemes) into new, more complex action sequences (e.g., uncovers an object, then grasps it)
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Sensorimotor Stage: Substage 5: Tertiary Circular Reactions
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12 to 18 months: deliberately varies an action or action sequence to discover the consequences of doing so (e.g., dropping a toy from different hights)
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Sensorimotor Stage: Substage 6: Mental Representations
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18 to 24 months: develops representational thought (internal representation of absent objects and past events), which enables them to think about events and anticipate the consequences of an action
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Preoperational Stage
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2 to 7 years: key characteristic is symbolic (semiotic) function (which is an extension of symbolic thought); symbolic function permits the child to learn through the use of language, mental images, and other symbols that stand for things that are not present.
Able to engage in symbolic play and can solve problems mentally. Limitations include: -precausal (transductive) reasoning: incomplete understanding of cause and effect -magical thinking:thinking about something will cause it to happen -animism: attribution of human characteristics to inanimate objects -Egocentrism: inability to seperate their perspective from that of others (unable to imagine another person's point of view) -irreversability: do not recognize that actions can be reversed -centration: focus on most noticable features of an object -consequently, unable to conserve (changing one dimension does not change other dimensions) |
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Concrete Operational Stage
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7 to 11 years: capable of mental operations (logical rules for transforming and manipulating information)
-able to classify in more sophisticated ways, understand part-whole relationships in relational terms, and conserve. Horizontal decalage refers to the gradual acquisition of conservation abilities (first numbers, then liquid, length, weight and displacement volume) |
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Formal Operational Stage
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11 plus years: able to think abstractly, relativistically and hypothetically; can develop competing hypotheses and strategies for systematically testing the hypotheses.
In adolescence: renewed egocentrism-attributable to increased capacity to think about thinking. -includes the personal fable (belief the one is unique and is not subject to the natural laws that govern others) -imaginary audience (belief that one is always the centre of attention) |
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Cross-cultural studies
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ages that children reach stages may vary
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Young children
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may be more competant than Piaget stages give them credit for...if the task is familiar.
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magical thinking
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The belief that thinking about something will cause it to happen. Occurs in the preoperational stage (2 to 7 years)
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animism
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Attribution of human characteristics to inanimate objects
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object permanence
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begins in substage 4 (coordinated secondary circular reactions) of the sensorimotor stage
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Centration
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focus on the most noticable feature of objects. Occurs in the preoperational stage. Conservation does not develop until the concrete operational stage (7-11 years) and the gradual acquisition of conservation abilities is called horizontal decalage.
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personal fable
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Occurs during the stage of adolescent egocentrism in the formal operational stage.
It is the belief that one is unique and not subject to the natural laws that govern others. |
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Imaginary Audience
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Occurs in the stage of adolescent egocentrism which is in the formal operational stage.
It is the belief that one is always the center of attention. |
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Irreversability
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Characteristic of the preoperational stage--children do not realize that actions can be reversed.
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precausal (transductive) reasoning
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reflects an incomplete understanding of cause and effect. Manifestations include magical thinking and animism
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