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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Explain the mechanics of breathing which allow a performer to fill the lungs with air during exercise.
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The diaphragm flattens and the intercostal muscles contract.
The lungs and ribs also pulled upwards and outwards The volume of thoracic cavity increases This reduces pressure within lungs Air is then sucked in During exercise other muscles like scalenes and pectoralis minor increase the breathing action. |
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Effects of exercise on Tidal Volume
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Deeper and faster breathing
Spirometer trace- higher and more frequent Decrease in inspiratory reserve volume Decrease expiratory reserve volume |
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Identify the membranes involved in diffusion and identify one characteristic of these membranes that allow diffusion to happen
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Alveoli which has a moisture layer to enhance uptake of oxygen
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Name the structural features of the lungs that assist diffusion
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Permeability of the alveoli and the capillary cell walls
moisture layer enhancing uptake of oxygen Short distance of blood between alveoli and capillaries |
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How is breathing rate regulated by the body to meet the increasing demands of exercise during a game of netball
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Increase in CO2
Increase acidity detected by chemoreceptors medulla then alerts the body to increase the breathing rate |
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Which are the advantages and disadvantages of a netball player having a diet rich in fat?
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Advantages
An Energy source which caters for low intensity performing. A good source of fat soluble vitamins e.g. A, D, E Disadvantages Negative effect on stamina May develop heart disease and high blood pressure |
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Explain how a diet containing sufficient vitamins and minerals contributes to effective performance
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Calcium for strong bones
Iron helps production of red blood cells Magnesium for muscle contraction |
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Explain how two different named classes of food in an athlete's diet will aid his/her performance
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Carbohydrates- Provide energy during the performance
Protein- for growth and repair of muscles after the performance |
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Describe two benefits to an athlete of including fat in their diet
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It is a slow release energy source
It is a source of fat soluble vitamins, For example vitamin A, D, E It allows for better insulation for the body to keep warm |
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What do you understand about the term balanced diet?
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Having a sufficient amount of nutrients in your diet required for healthy growth and activity
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Explain how and why the diet of a competitive weightlifter may need to differ from that of an untrained individual
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Extra protein for muscle growth and repair
Extra carbohydrates for energy Extra water to avoid dehydration through lost sweat |
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What do you understand about the term balanced diet?
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Having a sufficient amount of nutrients in your diet required for healthy growth and activity
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How is ‘Body Mass Index’ (BMI) calculated?
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Weight divided by (Height squared)
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How may ‘obesity’ affect performance in different activities?
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It limits flexibility
It limits cardio-vascular endurance Causes heart disease and high blood pressure |
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Too much dietary fat may lead to obesity. Which diseases are associated with obesity?
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Coronary heart disease
Diabetes High blood pressure |
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Explain why the blood flow to the brain during a game remains the same as at rest
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Because the brain is in a constant state where it needs the same amount of oxygen and nutrients and so it doesn’t change as it is always working.
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Explain why there is a need for an increase in the flow to the skeletal muscles during the game and how this is achieved
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There is stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system and adrenaline is produced because of rising levels of lactic acid which is detected by the chemoreceptors.
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What factors determine the blood pressure in blood vessels?
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The blood vessel length and the diameter
Lumen size/width Blood flow |
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Where is myoglobin found in the body and what is its role during exercise?
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It is found in the muscles and stores oxygen
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State three characteristics of functions of arteries
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It has elastic walls and a smaller lumen than veins and capillaries. It also has a muscle layer carrying blood away from the heart to muscles. Arteries can also withstand pumping action from heart.
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Explain how redistribution of the blood occurs during exercise
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Increase in CO2 levels and a decrease in oxygen levels occurs during exercise. Chemoreceptors detect this change. Vasodilation happens to allow blood to move to areas of the body that need it and vasoconstriction allows for blood to be taken from other areas not needing so much blood, for example, kidneys.
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State two ways in which carbon dioxide is transported by the blood.
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It can be dissolved in the blood plasma
It joins with haemoglobin |
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Explain how rising levels of carbon dioxide cause an increase in output
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Exercise causes a rise in CO2
This increases acidity in the blood Lower on the PH scale Detected by chemoreceptors Impulses go to the medulla This causes a decreased vagus stimulation Increased sympathetic impulses |
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What is cardio-vascular drift?
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Cardio-vascular drift starts after 10
mins Heart rate increases stroke volume decreases Fluid lost as sweat Reduced plasma increase viscosity Reduced venous return Starling’s Law Cardiac Output also increases due to more energy needed to cool body/sweat. |
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Explain why aerobic training improves the performer’s ability to transport oxygen
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More red blood cells
More oxygen extracted by muscles; More capillaries. |
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How does running assist the venous return mechanism?
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The action of muscles contracting compresses veins
Veins have one way valves to prevent backflow Change in pressure and an increase in size of chest Blood pushed towards heart |
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Explain how it is possible for a trained performer and an untrained performer to have the same cardiac output for a given workload.
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Different sized hearts– trained persons is bigger
Different stroke volumes – trained persons is bigger Different heart rates – untrained person is higher; This can only occur at sub maximal workloads At higher workloads untrained will not be able to increase their heart rate Different physiques– untrained bigger. |
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Explain how oxygen is taken up by haemoglobin from the lungs and released at the muscle site
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oxygen and haemoglobin bond and form oxyhaemoglobin
At lungs there is a high partial pressure of oxygen and in the blood there is low partial pressure of oxygen. The haemoglobin then becomes saturated At muscles there is a low partial pressure of oxygen and in the blood there is high partial pressure of oxygen Hence oxygen dissociates from haemoglobin |
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When a performer is running, blood is redirected to the working muscles. Explain how this redistribution of blood is achieved.
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increased carbon dioxide causes a drop in pH in the blood from increased acidity
Acidity is detected by chemoreceptors Which sends a message to medulla control centre noradrenaline is produced Pre-capillary sphincters allow blood to pass through when needed Vasoconstriction restricts blood to move to some organs Vasodilation allows blood to move to muscles |
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Explain why aerobic training improves the performer’s ability to transport oxygen
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It gives more red blood cells, more oxygen extracted by muscles and more capillaries to allow greater oxygen diffusion.
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State three characteristics of arteries
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Thick Elastic walls
Small lumen Smooth muscle layer Carries blood away from the heart to tissues/muscles |
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Explain why performers should not eat immediately before exercise
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During exercise, less blood goes to the gut
But, oxygen is needed in the gut for digestion of food And less oxygen available to muscles |
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Explain how the gas exchange system operates at muscles
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The process of diffusion occurs - where a high concentration of gas moves to an area of a low concentration of gas down a diffusion gradient
Requires a thin permeable membrane High partial pressure of oxygen in blood and low partial pressure in muscles, so oxygen moves into the muscles High partial pressure of carbon dioxide in muscles and low partial pressure in blood, so carbon dioxide moves into the blood Myoglobin causes the oxygen to dissociate from hymaeoglobin |
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Describe main parts of a cool-down that should end a session and the benefits of that cool down
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Method
Reduce intensity of the exercise Light jogging Stretching preferably static stretching Benefits Reduces heart rate reduces body temperature remove adrenaline removes lactic acid prevents blood pooling specific psychological benefit Reduces DOMS |
