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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The most abundant neurotransmitter in the peripheral nervous system is acetylcholine.
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True
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Which of the following endocrine glands is innervated by sympathetic preganglionic neurons (ie. which endocrine gland is a direct extension of the sympathetic system)?
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adrenal medulla
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A skeletal muscle is composed of a number of ________, each composed of many muscle fibers bundled by connective tissue.
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fascicles
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The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system emerge from the ________ of the spinal cord.
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thoracic and lumbar regions
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Physiological stressors will cause parasympathetic nervous system activity to increase.
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False
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The preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system emerge from the ________ of the central nervous system.
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brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord
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What is the protein component of the thin filament that binds to calcium thereby initiating skeletal muscle contraction?
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troponin
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The region of the striated muscle's banding patterns that contains ONLY the connections linking of thick filaments is the ________.
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M Line
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At rest, what is the relative contribution of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems to the regulation of homeostasis?
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Both systems are active but the parasympathetic predominates.
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The shortening of a skeletal muscle fiber during contraction involves ________.
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the sarcomeres shortening
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11. Thick filaments have many protrusions along their middle (head of the myosin filaments) but none at their ends.
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False
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Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter ________;
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acetylcholine
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Sympathetic postganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter ________.
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norepinephrine
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Parasympathetic neurons from which cranial nerve innervate most of the viscera in the thoracic and abdominal cavities (ie. which parasympathetic nerve innervates almost every organ)?
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X
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Which area of the sarcomere is light NOT able to pass through (ie. the dark band)?
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A Band
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A ________, the fundamental repeating unit of the myofibril that gives skeletal muscle its striated appearance, is bordered by ________.
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sarcomere: Z lines
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The repeated, oscillating interaction between actin and myosin that results in the generation of force by a skeletal muscle cell is called ________.
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crossbridge cycle
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The myosin head is converted into the high-energy state by ________.
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the hydrolysis of ATP
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Contraction of smooth muscle cells is driven by binding of calcium to calmodulin.
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True
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What is the protein component of the thin filament that binds to calcium thereby initiating skeletal muscle contraction?
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Troponin
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In order for crossbridge cycling to occur, the actin-myosin complex must be broken by the ________.
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binding of ATP to myosin
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The sequence of events that links the action potential to changes in skeletal muscle force development is called ________.
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excitation-contraction coupling
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The binding of calcium complex located on the actin molecule will directly result in ________.
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the movement of tropomyosin, thereby exposing the myosin binding site on the actin molecule
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Normalized for any variability in skeletal muscle length, the speed of contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber is dependent upon ________.
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the rate of myosin ATPase activity
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Which of the following is a property of isometric skeletal muscle contraction?
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load is greater than force generated by muscle
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What causes some muscle to appear red?
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presence of myoglobin
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The longest phase of a twitch is the ________ phase.
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relaxation
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The release of an inorganic phosphate from the myosin molecule directly results in the ________.
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power stroke
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The interaction between actin and myosin in smooth muscle requires ________.
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that the calcium-calmodulin complex activates myosin light-chain kinase, which phosphorylates myosin light chain thereby allowing myosin to bind with actin
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During the crossbridge cycle, ATP binding to myosin causes ________.
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the myosin head to detach from actin
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Which of the following adaptations does NOT occur due to an increase in activity?
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Type 2a fibers can become Type 1 fibers
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