Physiology Chapters 6: Endocrine System

Front 1

Endocrine Glands (3)

Back 1

Derived from epithelial tissue
Primary endocrine organs
Secondary (accessory) endocrine organs

Front 2

Primary Endocrine Organs (7)

Back 2

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland and parathyroid glands
Thymus
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Gonads (testes, ovaries)

Front 3

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) (3)

Back 3

Hormones of Posterior Pituitary.
-Paraventricular nucleus
-Water balance and osmolarity - kidney
-Prevents water from leaving body

Front 4

Oxytocin (2)

Back 4

Hormones of Posterior Pituitary:
-Supraoptic nucleus
-Milk ejection – mammary glands

Front 5

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Portal System

Back 5

Exchange between blood and tissue via capillaries

Front 6

Tropic Hormones (3)

Back 6

-Affect release of another hormone
=-Releasing hormones
=Inhibiting hormones

-Called Trophic (feeding) because they affect the size of the target organ.

Front 7

Tropic Hormone Pathway (3)

Back 7

-Hypothalamus secretes releasing or inhibiting hormone into capillary
-Alter release of anterior pituitary tropic hormones
-Travel to through blood and find attachments at endocrine gland to trigger release of hormone

Front 8

Growth hormone (GH)

Back 8

Anterior Pituitary
Growth hormone (GH) promotes growth, protein synthesis.

Front 9

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Back 9

Anterior Pituitary:
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates thyroid to produce & secrete T4 & T3

Front 10

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

Back 10

Anterior Pituitary
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids (cortisol), aldosterone

Front 11

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Back 11

Anterior Pituitary
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates growth of ovarian follicles & sperm production

Front 12

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Back 12

Anterior Pituitary
Luteinizing hormone (LH) causes ovulation & secretion of testosterone in testes

Front 13

Prolactin (PRL)

Back 13

Anterior Pituitary
Prolactin (PRL) stimulates milk production by mammary glands

Front 14

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

Back 14

Anterior Pituitary
Causes melanocytes to secrete melanin

Front 15

Pineal Gland (4)

Back 15

-Glandular tissue in brain
-Secretes melatonin
=Function ?
=May be involved in circadian rhythms

Front 16

Two thyroid hormones (3)

Back 16

Hormones of the Thyroid Gland
T4, tetraiodothyronine
T3, triiodothyronine
Regulate metabolism

Front 17

Calcitonin (3)

Back 17

Hormones of the Thyroid Gland

Regulates calcium levels in blood
More Calcitonin = less Ca+2 in blood
Osteoblasts absorb Ca+2 from blood

Front 18

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) AKA Parathormone (3)

Back 18

Regulates calcium levels in blood
More PTH = more Ca in blood
Ca+2 removed from bone

Antogonist to Calcitonin

Front 19

Thymus (5)

Back 19

-Secretes thymosin
=Regulates T cell function
=This is why they are called T cells
+What are T cell?
+T cells belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity

Front 20

Adrenocorticoids (7)

Back 20

Hormones: Adrenal Cortex

-Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
=Targets kideny
=Regulates sodium and potassium levels
=Sodium moved back to blood – water follows

-Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
=Regulates body’s response to stress
=Regulates metabolism

Front 21

Adrenal Medulla (6)

Back 21

-80% epinephrine
-20% norepinephrine
-Activated during "fight or flight" response
=Increased respiratory rate
=Increased HR & cardiac output
=Metabolic rate increase

Front 22

Synergistic

Back 22

Synergistic - work together to produce an effect

Front 23

Pancreas - Islets of Langerhans (3)

Back 23

Alpha cells: glucagon
Beta cells: insulin
Delta cells: somatostatin

Front 24

Insulin (3)

Back 24

Promotes entry of glucose into cells
Conversion of glucose into glycogen & fat
Decreases blood glucose

Front 25

Glucagon (2)

Back 25

Stimulates glycogenolysis & lipolysis
Increases blood glucose

Front 26

Somatostatin

Back 26

Inhibits Somatotropin (GH)

Front 27

Gonads (7)

Back 27

-Male—testes
=Testosterone
-Female—ovaries
=Estradiol
=Progesterone
=Placenta of pregnant female
+Estrogens and progesterone

Front 28

II. Secondary Endocrine Organs Heart, Kidneys, Stomach, GI tract (11)

Back 28

Heart: atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Target: Kidney Nephron
Action: Na+ and H20 loss
Kidneys: erythropoietin
Target: Bone marrow
Action: RBC production
Stomach
Gastrin
Target: Stomach
Action: Acid secretion
GI tract: several more in Dig Syst.

Front 29

Transport of Hormones (10)

Back 29

-Hydrophilic hormones
=Peptides, catecholamines
=Dissolved in plasma
-Hydrophobic hormones
=Steroids, thyroid hormones
=Bound to carrier proteins
=Longer half-life

Front 30

Abnormal Secretion of Hormones (7)

Back 30

-Hormone levels must be kept in balance
-Pathologies
=Hyposecretion: too little
=Hypersecretion: too much
=Abnormal Tissue Responsiveness
+Normal hormone levels
+Tissue responds inappropriately

Front 31

Hormone Interactions: Synergism

Back 31

Synergism: Effects of two hormones favor each other but the net effect exceeds the sum of individual effects

Example:, Norepinephrine and epinephrine (and Cortisol)

Front 32

Permissiveness

Back 32

-One hormone needed for another to exert its effects
-Examples:
=Estrogen causes expression of progesterone receptors in uterus
=How about: Prolactin and Oxytocin?

Front 33

Sex Hormones:
A. Pituitary Gland (5)

Back 33

-Male
=FSH Testes - Sperm production
=LH Testes/interstitial cells - Testosterone release

=Targets: body cells

=Action: 2nd Sex Char.

Front 34

Diabetes (7)

Back 34

-Diabetes Mellitus
=Type 1, insulin-dependent
+Inadequate insulin production
+Insulin administration needed
=Type 2, non-insulin-dependent (adult onset)
 +Those affected typically obese
+Cells do not respond to insulin normally

Front 35

Diabetes Insipidus

Back 35

Low ADH production

Front 36

Growth Hormone (3 types)

Back 36

-Underproduction - Dwarfism
-Overproduction throughout life – Gigatism
-Overproduction late in life - Acromegaly

Front 37

Glucocorticoids – ACTH (9)
Oversecretion – Cushing’s
Undersecretion – Addison’s

Back 37

-Oversecretion – Cushing’s
=Glucose metabolism suppressed
=Lipids/amino acids - as energy source
=Elongated stress response
-Undersecretion – Addison’s
=Weakness
=Weight loss
=ACTH levels may be high enough but action (Glucocorticoid secretion) may not take place
=MSH production increases

Front 38

Thyroid Hormone (T3/T4) (10)
-Overproduction – Hyperthyroidism
-Underproduction – hypothyroidism
-Underproduction in infancy – Cretinism

Back 38

-Overproduction – Hyperthyroidism
=High metabolic rate/temp
=Can have enlarged thyroid (Goiter)
=Grave’s Disease (genetic)
-Underproduction – hypothyroidism
=Low metabolic rate/temp
=Enlarged thyroid usually found here (Goiter)
+May be due to iodine deficiency
-Underproduction in infancy – Cretinism
=Abnormal mental and physical development