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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Baroreceptor Reflex |
Increase in BP Baroreceptors in Carotid Sinus, Aorta & Medulla Integrator-Medulla Oblongata Effectors: SA Node, Blood Vessels SA Node Fires less (HR lowers), BV vasodilation BP lowers |
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Sphygmomanometer use |
Wrap cuff around upper arm, inflate above expected systolic pressure Stethoscope on artery just below cuff, no sound as no blood flow occurs Slowly release pressure listen for Korotkoff tapping sounds, read systolic pressure Release pressure, no sound=diastolic pressure |
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Blood pressure and body position |
Standing: BP and HR increased, gravity pushes down, more difficult to pump blood to head Laying down: Lower BP and HR, effects of gravity lessened, heart level with head, easier pumping |
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MAP |
Mean Arterial Blood Pressure Average arterial pressure in 1 cardiac cycle Represents Total Peripheral Resistance and Cardiac Output, takes into account that 2/3 of cardiac cycle is diastole If too low for too long (below 60), vital organs don't get enough O2 MAP=DP+1/3(SP-DP) |
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Cardiac Output |
CO= HR x SV Heart Rate= Beats per Minute Stroke volume= Amount of blood pumped out |
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MAP=CO x TPR |
Mean Arterial Blood Pressure= Cardiac Output X Total Peripheral Pressure CO= blood volume pumped per minute TPR= Total resistance of blood flow in systemic circulation |
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FVC % deviation |
(Actual Vol FEV/Total FVC) x 100 Should be above 80% |
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Normal Breathing Rate |
12-20 Breaths per Minute while resting |
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Chemoreceptor Reflex (respiratory) |
Increased CO2 Chemoreceptors in Medulla, carotid artery and aorta Medulla Respiratory muscles Increased ventilation Lower CO2 |
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Diabetes Mellitus |
Type 1: no insulin, damaged panceas Type 2: Little insulin, insulin-resistant cells |
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Sertoli cells |
Testis "nurse cells" nourish developing sperm cells, consume residual cytoplasm |
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Renal Filtration |
Not filtered: Proteins, RBCs, WBCs, Platelets Filtered: H2O, glucose, electrolytes, amino acids, bicarbonate, urea, creatine Happens at Renal Capsule (Bowman's Capsule & Glomerulus) |
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Renal Reabsorbtion |
Proximal Convoluted Tubule: Glucose and some Sodium Loop of Henle: descending-H2O, ascending-salt Distal Convoluted Tublule: Na+ (K+ secreted) which hormone works at DCT? Aldosterone Collecting Duct: H2O which hormone at CD? ADH |
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Renal pH regulation |
Add Hydrogen into urine, reabsorb less Hydrogen to make blood more alkaline and urine more acidic Reabsorb Hydrogen from urine, add more bicarbonate to urine tp make blood more acidic and urine more alkaline |
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Water Balance (Blood Osmolarity) |
Blood plasma= 0.9% Na+ Urine= up to 2.2% Na+ Excess H2O->large volume dilute urine from decreased H2O retention/no ADH |
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Glucose reabsorption |
Happens in PCT None should be in urine, glucose is transported with Na+ Insulin from Pancreatic Beta cells should then handle the glucose |
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Normal urine pH |
6-6.5 |
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Normal urine glucose |
0-0.8 |
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Normal specific gravity |
1.000 |
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Normal urine protein and blood |
0 |
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Urine Volume |
Sodium Bicarbonate: lower volume, Na+=higher blood osmolarity=more H2O reabsorbtion=less urine H2O: Increased volume, lower blood osmolarity, more urine formed |
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pH and bicarbonate on urine |
Raised pH, more alkaline urine |
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Aldosterone is released when |
Blood volume is low Promotes Na+ reabsorbtion in DCT Na+ moves back into blood, H2O follows through osmosis |
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Aldosterone affects BP and Urine Output: |
Na+ and H2O levels in blood increase, BP increases and urination is less frequent |
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ADH is released when |
Blood osmolarity is high Increases H2O re absorption from kidneys in collecting ducts, less urine formed raises BP |
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RAA reflex |
Decrease in blood volume Juxtoglomerular apparatus (macula densa cells) Renin released-angiotensingogen-angiotensin I-Angiotensin II (thirst)-aldoseterone released-Vasoconstriction, Na and water reabsorbtion, BP up, Volume up |
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Respirometer graph |
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Slow Vital Capacity TV+IRV+ERV 2 normal, 1 forced in, 1 forced out |
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MVVHyperventalationMax air moved in 1 minute |