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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Local communication forms |
Gap junctions, contact dependent signals, autocrine signals, paracrine signals |
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Gap junctions |
Direct cytoplasmiccontact communication btwn cells |
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Contact dependent signals |
Require interaction btwn membrane molecules of 2 cells |
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Autocrine signals |
Act on cell that secretes them |
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Paracrine signals |
Diffuse onto adjacent cells |
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Long distance communication |
Hormones, neurotransmitters, neurohormones |
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Neurotransmitters |
Chemicals secreted by neurons that diffuse across gap to target cell |
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Neurohormones |
Chemicals released by neurons into blood for action on distant targets |
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Cell surface receptors |
Receptor channels, G protein, coupled receptors, receptor enzyme, integrin receptor |
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Receptor channel |
Ligand binding opens or closes channel, Pore in membrane |
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G protein coupled receptor |
Ligand binding opens ion channel or alters enzyme activity, releases GDP |
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Receptor enzyme |
Ligand binding activates intracellular enzyme (Catalytic receptors) |
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Integrin receptor |
Alters enzyme or cytoskeleton (catalytic receptor) |
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Intracellular messenger |
Calcium |
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Troponin |
Calcium sensor protein in skeletal muscle and cardiomyoctes. Initiates muscle contraction. |
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Calmodulin |
Calcium sensor protein (all muscle) that regulates enzyme activity and membrane transporters |
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Calcium activated ion channels |
Calcium binds to ligand gated ion channels and regulates membrane permeability |
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Embryonic development |
Calcium stimulates cell division to enable embryonic growth |
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Neural reflexes |
Fast, specific, electrical implementations, short. Intensity coded by frequency of action potential in afferent neurons |
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Endocrine reflexes |
Slow, widespread, hormones in blood, longer lasting. Stimulus intensity coded by amount of hormone secreted |
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Nervous system |
Uses electrical impulses as messengers |
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Endocrine system |
Uses hormones as chemical messenger |
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Hormone types |
Steroid, thyroid, amino acid based |
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3 ways hormones are released |
Humoral stimuli, neural stimuli, hormonal stimuli |
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Humoral stimuli |
Ion blood levels directly stimulate hormone secretions |
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Neural stimuli |
Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release |
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Hormonal stimuli |
Hormones stimulate endocrine organs to release their hormones |
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Permissiveness |
One hormone cannot exert effects without other hormone being present |
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Synergism |
Multiple hormones producing effects on target cell causing amplification |
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Antagonism |
One or more hormones, opposing action of another hormone |
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Posterior pituitary hormones |
Oxytocin, anti-diuretic hormone |
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Oxytocin |
Childbirth uterine contractions (Pitocin), milk ejection |
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Anti-diuretic hormone |
Targets kidneys to reabsorb water, triggered by pain, low blood pressure and drugs. Monitors salute concentrations |
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Anterior pituitary hormones |
Growth hormone, thyroid, stimulating hormone, adrenocorticopic, follicle, stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin |
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Adrenocorticotropic (acth) |
Stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids. Daily rhythm. |
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Luteinizing hormone |
Produces gonadal hormones. Testosterone production, triggers ovulation, release of estrogen and progesterone. |
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Thyroid gland |
Butterfly shaped, major metabolic hormone. heat production, BP, tissue growth & development |
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Parathyroid gland |
4 yellow glands embedded in thyroid posterior Targets skeleton, kidneys, small intestine. Ca2+ homeostasis. |
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Adrenal gland |
Pyramid shaped on top of kidneys. Produces corticosteroids, regulates, electrolyte concentrations, increases blood volume and blood pressure, stimulates, sodium reabsorption. Cortisol. |
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Pancreas |
Triangular gland behind stomach. produce enzyme, rich digestive juice. Produces glucose and insulin through alpha and beta cells. |
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Adrenal cortex |
Hormone: cortisol Influences cell metabolism, and blood pressure |
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Adrenal medulla |
Epinephrine and nor epinephrine. response to stress |
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cortisol |
regulates stress response, metabolism, inflammation suppression, Bp, blood sugar, sleep-wake cycle |
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epinephrine (adrenaline) |
fight or flight, metabolism, attention, focus, panic, excitement |
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norepinephrine |
made from dopamine. increases alertness,arousal, and attention. maintains bp. sleep-wake cycle. mood &memory. |
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aldosterone |
regulates bp, manages Na & K, impacts blood volume |
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peripheral nervous system |
nerves and ganglia |
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afferent division |
info from receptors to CNS |
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somatic afferent fibers |
from skin, skeletal muscle, and joints |
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visceral afferent fibers |
from organs within ventral cavities |
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special sensory afferent fibers |
from nose, eye, tongue, ear |
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efferent division |
motor neurons carry from cns to effectors |
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somatic efferent fibers |
voluntary muscle contraction |
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autonomic efferent fibers |
involuntary cardiac, smooth muscle, and gland control |
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sympathetic division |
fight or flight |
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parasympathetic |
rest and digest |
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soma |
cell body; contains nucleus and organelles |
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dendrites |
input signal, branching extensions that contain receptors to detect neurotransmitters |
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axon hillock |
cell body tapers into axon, where AP originates |
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axon |
long process, transmits AP away from soma |
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myelin sheath |
insulation from glial cells wrapped around axon |
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nodes of ranvier |
gaps in myelin sheath |
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internodes |
segments of myelin |
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axon terminals |
enlarged ends of axon containing synaptic vesicles |
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astrocyte |
star shaped, structural support, anchor neurons to surrounding tissues and capillaries. maintain blood barrier adjusts interstitial environment, guides neuron development . |
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Oligodendrocyte |
wraps cytoplasmic process around axon of neurons, forms myelin sheath |
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microglia |
oval cells with long thorny processes, removes cellular debris and pathogens |
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ependymal |
line chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid, maintain composition of CSF and circulate it |
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schwall cells |
surrounds and protects axons in PNS, forms myelin sheith |
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neurilemma |
outer layer that contains schwann cell cytoplasm |
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satellite cells |
surround cell bodies of neurons. isolates and regulates exchange of nutrients and waste |
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Goldman hodgekin katz equaation |
membrane potential is determined by combined gradient and membrane permeability for each ion |
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conductance |
ease with which ions flow thru a channel |
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current flow |
flow of electrical charge carried by an ion |
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resistance |
the force that opposes the current |
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ohms law |
I=V/R |
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graded potential |
localized change in membrane potential, short lived, stimulated by neurotransmitter binding to ligand gated channels. if stimulus is excitatory it will cause depolarization. diminish as travels. |
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action potential |
brief reversal of membrane potential that spreads down axon. wave of depolarization followed by repolarization. last 2 seconds, does not diminish as it travels. frequency of AP increases to reflect stronger stimuli |
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absolute refractory period |
time during AP when it is difficult/impossible to generate another AP |
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relative refractory period |
period after falling phase of AP where an exceptionally strong stimulus is needed to trigger another AP |
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neurocrine secretions |
neurotransmitters, neurohoromones, neuromodulators |
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nicotinic |
ligand gated ion channels of skeletal muscle |
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muscarine |
g protein couple receptor on autonomic parasympathetic |
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amines |
neurotransmitter derived by single amino acid dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine |
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andrenergic receptor |
second messengers
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glutamate |
exitatory neurotransmitter of CNS. depolarizes target cells, neuromodulator |
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ampa receptor |
opened by glutamate binding, ligand gated cation channel |
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gaba |
inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain, hyperpolarizes target cell |
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nmda receptor |
nonselective cation channel. requires both glutamate binding and change in membrane potential |
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ionotropic receptor |
fast.makes epsps and ipsps aka ligand gated ion channels |
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metabolic receptors |
slow. makes esps and ipsp. aka g protein linked receptors. leads to metabolic change within cell. |
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excitatory post synaptic potential (epsp) |
graded potentials that occur from depolarization |
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Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) |
graded potential that occurs from hyperpolarization. |
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temporal summation |
combined impulses arriving at trigger zone close together |
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spatial summation |
stimuli at different locations on neuron combine simultaniously |
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grey matter |
neural cell bodies and synapses |
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white matter |
bundles of myelinated axons |
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dura matter |
anchors brain to cranial bone, forms sinus that drains blood from brain to jugular |
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arachnoid matter membrane |
cobweb like, middle of meninges. filled w cerebrospinal fluid |
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pia matter |
deepest layer of meninges, contacts surface of brain and spinal chord |
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meninges |
tissue membrane surrounding CNS |
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ascending tracts |
impulses transmitting towards brain |
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descending tracts |
motor commands from brain to pns |
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dorsal root ganglia |
nerve bodies along dorsal and ventral roots of spine |
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dorsal root |
posterior root of spinal chord |
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ventral root |
anterior root of spinal chord |
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blood brain barrier |
highly selective brain capillaries that protect the brain |
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cerebral corex |
sensory areas for perception, direct movement, association integrating info |
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cerebellum |
movement coordination, sensory feedback, complex movement "little brain" |
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diencephalon |
thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland |
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brainstem |
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongotta |
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hypothalamus |
activates sympathetic NS, body temp, osmolarity (thirst, secretion), satiation, behavior and emotion, cardiac control cntr, and hormone release |
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cerebellum |
CEREBRAL CORTEX sensory perception, skeletal muscle movement LIMBIC SYSTEM amyglada, hippocampus |
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thalamus |
relay center |
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pineal gland |
melatonin |
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hypothalamus |
homeostasis & behavioral drives |
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pituitary gland |
horomone secretion |
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midbrain |
eye movement |
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pons |
relay btwn cerebrum and cerebellum |
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medulla oblongata |
involunary function |
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reticular formation |
arousal, sleep, muscle tone, pain modulation |
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frontal lobe |
most anterior, plans motor commands |
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parietal lobe |
most superior, somasensory processing |
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occipital lobe |
most posterior, visual processing |
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temporal lobe |
most interior, auditory, olfactory, memory and emotion |
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limbic system |
influences emotion, fear, and learning |
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reticular activating system |
promotes arousal, keeps concious brain awake |
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EEG |
electroencephalography, records brain activity |
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sensory receptors |
cells acting as sensors, produces Action potential |
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sensory transduction |
converts stimulus to action potential |
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mechanoreceptors |
detects mechanical stimuli (pressure, vibration, bending, stretching) |
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pinna |
outer ear |
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middle ear |
malleus, incus, stapes |
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inner ear |
semicircular canals, oval window, vestibular apparatus, cochlea, round window, nerves |
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vestibular apparatus |
in inner ear, senses linear accelaration |
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oliths |
crystals that move in response to gravitational force |
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cupula |
gelatinous mass, pushed y endolymph fluid in the opposite direction of head movement |
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orbit |
bony cavity of skull, protects eye |
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lacrinal apparatus |
glands and ducts responsible for constant flow of tears |
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pupil |
opening in eye, allows light to pass |
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iris |
colored ring of pigment |
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lens |
transparent disk, focuses light |
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zonules |
ligament suspended in lens |
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aqueous humor |
fluid filled anterior chamber in front of lens |
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vitreous chamber |
chamber behind lens |
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vitreous body |
gelatinous filling of chambersckera, maintains eyeball shape |
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schlera |
connective tissue on outer wall of eyeballs |
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retina |
lining of eye, contains photoreceptors |
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optic disk |
where neurons form optic nerve and exit eye |
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fovea and macula |
regions of retina with acute vision |
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hyperopia |
far sightedness, focal point behind retina |
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myopia |
near sightedness, focal point in front of retina |
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autonomic nervous system |
regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands |
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parasympathetic |
rest & digest |
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sympathetic |
fight or flight: |
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cholingergic neurons |
axons that release Ach |
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adrenergic neurons |
axons that release NE |
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cholinergic receptors |
bind Ach |
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adrenal receptors |
bind NE |
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adrenal medulla |
atop kidneys. releases epinephrine into blood |
