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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is entropy? |
Disorder Entropy of the universe always increases as time goes on |
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How does a refrigerator work? |
In a fridge, cold liquid goes into a compressor where one side is low pressure and the other side is high pressure. The liquid leaves the compressor at high pressure and is hotter, heats up turns to steam in a condenser. It does into the expansion valve, where it is under less pressure, so it cools off as it goes through the evaporator and starts the process again. Cool part is inside the fridge, warm part is on the outside of the fridge. |
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Relation between heat and pressure |
Increase together and decrease together |
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Evaporation is a ___________ process and condensation is a ____________ process |
Cooling Heating |
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What is the only reversible process found in nature? What is another, not so natural example |
Ice and water A ball rolling back and forth |
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When is the only time entropy doesn't increase? (But doesn't apply to the universe) |
Reversible process with ice and water |
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Describe an irreversible process |
Can't be undone Obvious which direction it's going in |
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Are all life processes generally reversible or irreversible? |
Irreversible |
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How are entropy and time related? |
Entropy and time arrow go the same way. Entropy increases as time goes on |
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What happens to entropy in all irreversible processes? |
Entropy always increases |
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What types of elements are used when forming ionic compounds? |
Metals + non-metals |
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What kind of bonding interaction does an ionic compound form? |
Ionic bond (electron transfer) |
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What type of conductors of electricity are ionic compounds (salts), and why do they conduct this way? |
Ionic conductors, meaning they conduct in water or melted. They conduct this way because they are network structures |
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Why do ionic bonds form? |
Because alkaline metals (first 2 columns) are extremely reactive, want to lose electrons or be “adopted” And noble gasses (last 2 columns) have space and want to “adopt” |
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What is the naming convention for ionic compounds? |
Metal-nonmetal-ide |
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What types of atoms are used to form a covalent bond? |
Non-metals |
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What type of electron configuration is used to form covalent bonds? |
No transfers of electrons, just share electrons in singles bond, double bonds, or triple bonds to make molecules |
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What is the difference between a polar and non-polar molecule. Study their melting temperatures? |
Polar molecules: liquid, higher melting and boiling temp + - - Non-polar: gas at room temperature, low melting and boiling temp, no charge (He, Ne, Ar, K, Xe, Rd, O2, H2, N2) |
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Study Figure 23.7 (there are four different types of intermolecular forces what is the order from weakest to strongest) |
WEAK dispersion > dipole > hydrogen > covalent STRONG |
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There are three major types of fats we studied. You should know the differences between the three fats. Study their melting temperatures and if they are healthy or unhealthy. |
-Saturated fats: triglyceride with 3 saturated fatty acid molecules, solid at room temp, unhealthy. (ex: shortening, animal fat/tallow, butter) -Unsaturated fats: triglycerides with unsaturated fats, liquid at room temp, oils, health. (ex: oil/fat found in avocado, fish, olive oil) -Trans fats: non-natural unsaturated fatty acid in which H atoms are on opposite sides of double bonds. Even worse than saturated fat. |
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What is the difference between fusion, fission, and radioactive decay? |
Fusion: combining small nuclei to make larger nuclei *makes most energy? Fission: splitting large atoms into smaller atoms. Nuclear bombs use this Radioactive decay: spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nucleus accompanied by emission of radiation |
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Protons = atomic # (top left of element) Neutrons = atomic mass # - atomic # (below element) O atomic mass # (16) atomic # (8) Protons = 8 Neutrons = 16-8 = 8 Fe mass # (56) atomic # (26) Protons = 26 Neutrons = 56-26 = 30 U mass # (238) atomic # (92) Protons = 92 Neutrons = 238 - 92 = 146 |
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What are the materials of the Earth’s mantle, crust and core? |
Crust: outer-most layer (like pizza!), made of granitic continental crust and basaltic oceanic crust. Least dense. Mantle: middle layer, made of peridotite. Somewhat dense. Core: deepest, center of earth, made of mostly iron. Most dense. |
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How do we know about the different layers of the Earth? |
Seismic discontinuity, s-waves couldn’t penetrate all the way |
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Compositional layers of the earth |
Crust: rock, mostly granite, usually silicates. Mantle: highly viscous (liquid-y), peridotite, dense oxides Core: mostly iron, super dense |
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Mechanical layers of the earth |
Lithosphere: crust, rigid, brittle, includes tectonic plates Asthenosphere: mantle, plastic, not brittle, liquid-y, low velocity zone, tectonic plates float on top of this layer Mesosphere: mantle, solid, still plastic, not brittle, dense Outer core: liquid, iron-Inner core: solid, iron |
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T or F Fats are liquid at roomtemperature and oils are solid at room temperature. |
False |
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Which of the following are false? Saturated fats are solid at room temperature.Saturated fats have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. Saturated fats have straight chains. |
All of the above are true |
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Which of the following silicate minerals have a sheet-likestructure on the microscopic and macroscopic scale? |
Mica |
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Which of the following fats are the worst for your health? |
Trans fat |
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If I wanted to get energy out of two atoms, lighter than iron,by smashing them together what kind of reaction would be best? |
Fusion |
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T or F Splitting atoms apart thatare less massive than iron is an effective way to produce energy. |
False |
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T or F Hydrogen has the leastmassive protons and neutrons of all the other atoms' protons and neutrons. |
False |
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T or F The Earth's core is madeout of peridotite |
True |
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T or F The lithosphere is plastic and the asthenosphere is solid |
False |
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T or F Theone evidence of the Earth's liquid outer core is the S-wave shadow zone |
True |
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What is the difference between fats and oils? |
Fats – solid at room temp Oils – liquids at room temp |
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What does the word saturated mean with saturatedfats? |
Max number of H |
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What keeps atoms together? |
Strong force |
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What are characteristics of saturated fats? |
Straight Max number of H Bad for you Solid atroom temp Stronger bonds |
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What are characteristics of unsaturated fats? |
Don’t stack Bent Liquid at room temp Weakerbonds Healthier for you |
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Which type of fat is worst for your body? |
Trans (hydrogenated) |
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What type of nuclear reaction merges two atomstogether to get energy out of the nucleus? |
Fusion (less nucleons than Fe or left of it ongraph) |
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What type of nuclear reaction splits two atomsapart to get energy from the nucleus? |
Fission (more nucleons than Fe or right ongraph) |
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What atom has the least massive protons andneutrons? |
Fe (iron) |
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What are all the ways to get energy from thenucleus? |
Fission and fusion |
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If I merge atoms together more massive thanIron, is it a good way to get energy out of the nucleus? |
No (less massive) |
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Which of the following best describes an ionic bond? |
A transfer of electrons that causes a network of ions to be bonded together |
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Which of the following best describes an ionic bond? |
A bond between a metal and a non metal |
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T or F Some salts have impurities (transition metals) that cause the salts to have different colors. |
True |
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Which of the following statements is true? Evaporation and going from low-to-high pressure are cooling processes. Condensation and going from high-to-low pressure are heating processes. Evaporation and going from high-to-low pressure are cooling processes. Condensation and going from low-to-high pressure are heating processes. Evaporation and condensation are heating processes. Going from high-to-low pressure and low-to-high pressure are cooling processes. Evaporation and condensation are cooling processes. Going from high-to-low pressure and low-to-high pressure are heating processes. |
Evaporation and going from high-to-low pressure are cooling processes. Condensation and going from low-to-high pressure are heating processes. |
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T or F There are interactions found in nature that can lower the entropy of the universe |
False |
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T or F The quantity of energy of a system that uses energy always remains constant, but the quality of the energy always decreases. |
True |
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Which of the following types of bonds forms individual molecules? Covalent Bonds Ionic Bonds Metallic Bonds |
All of the above |
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If I gave you two molecules that were about the same size, and one was polar and the other was non-polar, which molecule would have the higher melting temperature? |
Polar |
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Which of the following molecules is non-polar? Helium Hydrogen (H2) Nitrogen (N2) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) |
All of the above are non-polar. |
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T or F When naming a salt or ionic compound the non-metal name is given first, leaving it unchanged, and the name of the metal is then given, but modified by replacing the last syllable of the metal name with the suffix "ide." |
False |