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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name the major skull bones
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Where are the two pairs of salivary glands that are accessible on examination of the face? (3rd is sublingual)
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1. The parotic gland: in the cheeks over the mandible anteriro to and below the ear...normally not palpable
2. Submandibular glands: beneatht eh mandible at teh angle of the jaw. |
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Name the major neck vessels
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Name the major neck muscles
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Which cranial nerve innervates the neck muscles?
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Cranial nerve XI
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describe the boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck (helpful in describing findings in neck)
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lies in front between the sternomastoid and the midline of the body with its base up along the lower border of the mandible and apex at the suprasternal notch
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describe the boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck (helpful in describing findings in neck)
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behind the sternomastoid muscle, with the trapezius muscle on the other side and with its base along the clavicle below
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where is the thyroid gland/
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straddles trachea in middle of neck
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What is the thyroid gland?
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an endocrine gland that secretes hormones (T3 and T4) that control rates of metabolism.
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Where is the "Adam's Apple" exactly?
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It is the palpable notch on the upper edge of the thyroid cartilage
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Name and locate structures/cartilage landmarks of the larynx
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cricoid cartilage, adams apple (top of thyroid cartilage), hyoid bone, trachea, thyroid gland, sternomastoid muscle, manubrium, clavicle
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Which direction do the head/neck lymph nodes drain
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mostly in a generally inferior direction
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If a lymph node is swollen what area should you explore?
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area proximal (upstream) to that lymph node(s)
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purpose of the lymph nodes
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filter lymph and engulf pathogens, preventing harmful substances from entering circulation
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Nodes are located throughout the body but only accessible for examination in what four areas?
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head and neck
arms axillae groin |
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where is the greatest supply of lymph nodes?
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head and neck
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Describe location of majority of the head/neck lymph nodes
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(see picture)
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when vertigo is objective the person feels like _____ and when vertigo is subjective the person feels like _______
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the room spins,
they themselves spin |
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major symptoms of meningeal inflammation
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acute onset of neck stiffness with headache and fever
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normocephalic
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denotes a round symmetric skull that is appropriately r/t body size
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microcephaly
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abnormally small head
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macrocephaly
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abnormally large head
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edema in the face occurs where first?
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around the eyes and cheeks where subq tissue is relatively loose
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mumps swells which gland?
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the parotid gland (salivary gland in front of ear)
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edema in the face occurs where first?
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around the eyes and cheeks where subq tissue is relatively loose
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mumps swells which gland?
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the parotid gland (salivary gland in front of ear)
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fontanels
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the spaces where sutures have not fully intersected in neonatal skull.
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Purpose of fontanels?
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Allow for growth of the brain during the first year of life.
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When do fontanels close?
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triangle shaped posterior fontanel closes by 1 to 2 months and the diamondshape anterior fontanel closes between 9 months to 2 years
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lymphadenopathy
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enlargement of the lymph nodes (>1cm) d/t infection, allergy or neoplasm
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signs that a lymph node is cancerous
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unilateral, hard, , >3cm, nontender, matted and fixed
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in chronic inflammation, lymph nodes are usually _______
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clumped
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Which lymph nodes are commonly enlarged in HIV?
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occipital
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Is the normal thyroid gland usually palpable?
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no
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The trachea is pulled towards the unaffected side in what conditions?
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aortic aneurysm
a tumor unilateral thyroid lobe enlargement pneumothorax |
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The trachea is pulled towards the affected side in what conditions?
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large atelectasis
pleural adhesions fibrosis |
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What is "tracheal tug"?
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A rhythmic synchronous downward pull that occurs with systole often in presence of an aortic arch aneurysm
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Auscultating a bruit in thyroid means.....
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A bruit occurs with accelerated/turbulent blood flow, so it indicates hyperplasia (proliferation of cells) of the thyroid
e.g. hyperthyroidism |
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caput succedaneum
(kay-put sux sidane ium) |
edamatous swelling ad ecchymosis of the presenting part of teh head caused by birth trauma
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cephalhematoma
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subperiosteal hemorrhage, result of birth trauma (head cones back towards back-top of scalp) No treatment. Is reabsorbed during first few weeks of life.
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periosteum
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mebrane that lines the outer surface of all bones
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skull sutures are palpable in infants until they reach ______ of age
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6 months
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tonic neck reflex
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lay an infant supine, turn head to side, same side arm extends and leg flexes
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when should the tonic neck reflex disappear
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by 5 months (if not, may indicate brain damage)
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Nuchal Rigidity
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inability to flex head forward d/t stiff neck. Sign of meningitis.
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3 major types of headaches
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tension
migraine cluster |
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tension headache
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usually both sides
tight non throbbing mild-moderate pain gradual onset lasts 30" to days associated with stress occurs situationally (stress) |
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migraine headache
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commonly one sided,sometimes both
throbbing/pulsating rapid onset, lasts 4 hours mod to severe pain about 2x a month often preceded by aura (tingling, visual changes, vertigo abd pain) |
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cluster headache
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always one sided
continuous burning piercing pain abrupt onset lasts 45-90 minutes can occur multiple x in day (clusters) exacerbated by ETOH, stress, wind or heat exposure relieved by moving/pacing |
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hydrocephalus
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obstruction of drainage of CSF results in excessive accumulation, increasing ICP and enlargement of head
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Macewen's sign
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"crack pot" sound on percussing head, common in hydrocephalus, normal in infants pre fontanel closure
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hydrocephalus
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obstruction of drainage of CSF results in excessive accumulation, increasing ICP and enlargement of head
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Macewen's sign
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"crack pot" sound on percussing head, common in hydrocephalus, normal in infants pre fontanel closure
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Paget's disease ("padge-it")
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skeletal disease of increased bone resorption and formation which softens, thickens and deforms bone. Affects 10% of those older than 80, more in males.
Characterisitcs: bowed legs, fractures, enlarged skull presses on cranial nerves-headaches, deafness etc. |
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Acromegaly
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excessive sxrn of growth hormone from pituitary gland after puberty creates enlarged skull and thickened cranial bones (often pituitary tumor)
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Torticollis (Wryneck)
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hematoma in one sternomastoid muscle (often d/t intrauterine malposition) results in head tilt. Permanent ROM problems if not treated
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goiter
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chronic enlargement of the thyroid gland that occurs in some regions of the world where the soil is low in iodine. NOT d/t neoplasm
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Pilar Cyst (Wen)
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smooth firm swelling on scalp that contains sebum and keratin. Benign growth.
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Parotid gland enlargement
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rapid painful enlargement of the parotid, occurs with mumps or blockage of duct, abscess or tumor. Can occur with dehydration.
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
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growth and developmental abnormalities from drinking during pregnancy.
Characteristic facies: mid facial hypoplasia, short pallpebral fissures (eyes), thin upper lip |
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Down syndrome
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chromosomal aberration (trisomy 21).
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Cushing syndrome
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excessive sxrn of corticotropin hormone (ACTH) and chronic steroid use, person develops "moon face", prominent jowls, red cheeks, hirsuitism upper lip
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myxedema
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deficiency of thyroid hormone, when severe, causes a non pitting edema or myxedema
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Bell's palsy
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lower motor neuron lesion (peripheral) producing cranial nerve VII paralysis which is almost always unilateral. rapid onset.
Cant' whistle, raise eyebrows etc. |
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scleroderma
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literally "hard skin", rare connective tissue disease characterized by chronic hardening and shrinking, degenerative changes in skin, vessels, skeletal muscles, synovium.
Characteristic facies: hard shiny skin, thin pursed lips |
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atopid (allergic) facies
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children with chronic allergies have these facial characteristics: exhausted face, blue shadows below eyes d/t sluggish venous return, open mouth breathing, central facial pallor
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Parkinson syndrome
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deficiency of neurotransmitter dopamine and degeneration fo basal ganglia in the brain. Immobility of features produces flat expression.
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most common cause of hyperthyroidism
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Grave's disease (goiter, bulging eyes)
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cachetic appearance
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accompanies chronic wasting disease such as cancer, dehydration, starvation. sunken eyes, hollow cheeks, exhausted, defeated expression
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stroke facies
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an upper motor neuron (central ) lesion. Upper half of face not affected because of the intact nerve from the unaffected hemisphere. can still close eyes/wrinkle forehead.
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