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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Dental Patterns
New World Monkeys Old World Monkeys |
New World Monkeys
2133 Old World Monkeys 2123 |
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Noses
New World Monkeys Old World Monkeys |
New World Monkeys
Flat Old World Monkeys Down Nose |
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Flat Nose
Down Nose |
Flat
Nostrils point upward Down Like human Nostrils pointed downward |
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Tails
New World Monkeys Old World Monkeys |
New World Monkeys
Some have prehensile Old World Monkeys They have tails but not prehensile |
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Movement
New World Monkeys Old World Monkeys |
New World Monkeys
Some semi-brachiation quadrupeds but some Old World Monkeys No Brachiation |
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Sitting Pads
New World Monkeys Old World Monkeys |
New World Monkeys
No sitting pads Old World Monkeys Sitting pads |
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Sitting pad description/explanation
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Callous at buttocks
Spend time on rocks or hard soil Indicates a lot of time spent on land |
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Intelligence
New World Monkeys Old World Monkeys |
New World Monkeys
Less Intelligent Old World Monkeys More Intelligent |
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Social Organization
New World Monkeys Old World Monkeys |
New World Monkeys
Less complex Old World Monkeys More Complex |
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Old World Monkeys
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Cercopithecines
Colobines |
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Where
Cercopithecines Colobines |
Cercopithecines
Africa, macaques in Asia Colobines Asia mainly, Colobus Africa Langurs Viet Nam, Proboscis Borneo |
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Size
Cercopithecines Colobines |
Cercopithecines
Larger Colobines Smaller |
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Terrestrial
Cercopithecines Colobines |
Cercopithecines
More terrestrial Colobines Highly Arboreal |
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Diet
Cercopithecines Colobines |
Cercopithecines
Generalized - cheek pouches to store food for later or when in danger Colobines Specialized diet - no cheek pouches, eat leafy materials (not much danger) |
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Intelligence
Cercopithecines Colobines |
Cercopithecines
More Intelligent Colobines Less Intelligent |
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Social Organization
Cercopithecines Colobines |
Cercopithecines
More complex Colobines Less Complex |
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Chimpanzees Social
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Live in large fluid groups called communities
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West African chimps - tool use
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use 19 different tools – they drum to communicate
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Chimpanzee - dominance
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All males dominant over females
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Chimpanzee - tool use
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Make and use tools - not all communities are technologically advanced
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Chimpanzee - hunting success
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East African chimps 7% successful in hunting
West African chimps 70% successful – they plan the hunt |
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Chimpanzee - sharing
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Share – share among the hunters then close family and friends
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Chimpanzee - hunting
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Only males hunt
Different communities have different hunting patterns |
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Chimpanzee - eating
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Omnivors – prefer fruits and vegetables
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Chimpanzee - community size
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20-120 individuals average 40-50
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Chimpanzee Grooming
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Yes
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Chimpanzee - Alloparenting
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Yes
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Chimpanzee - Ranking above females
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status increases in estrus and after birth
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Chimpanzee - Ranking among males
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Ranking not as stable as in baboons – Chimpanzee gaining rank by rattling cans
Form alliances – usually actual brothers |
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Chimpanzee - Significance of Torture
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it is a cruel act
Have to be intelligent – must be able to put yourself in the place of the individual and how far you can go before you kill |
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Chimpanzee - Territory
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Territorial in a unique way – defend the territory and actively expand the territory at the expense of weaker neighbors – only in chimps and humans – two most intelligent
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Male bonded community
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Young adult females join other communities or go back and forth
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primates engage in warfare
Armed conflict – prerequisites |
Cooperative group living – single individuals fight
Group territoriality Cooperative hunting skills Make plans Ability to make cooperative plans Ability to use tools – weapons are tools Inherent fear of others – of your own kind |
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Chimpanzee bonding
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Male bonded community – young adult females join other communities or go back and forth – can be kidnapped by males but will remain in the community in which she gives birth
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Chimpanzee - Home Range
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Large home range during the day – 4-6 miles of movement during he day
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Chimpanzee - Parties
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communities are loosely organized
Smaller groups called parties – composition changes frequencies Fusion fission society – reasons helps to disperse the group so there’s no competition for food |
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Chimanzee/Baboon - feeding behavior
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Baboons all feed together = chimps feed In parties
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Prosimian/Anthropoids - Size
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Prosimian - smaller
Anthropoids - larger |
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Prosimian/Anthropoids - Vision
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Prosimian - no color
Anthropoids - color |
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Prosimian/Anthropoids - Lifespan
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Prosimian - shorter
Anthropoids - longer |
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Prosimian/Anthropoids - Smell
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Prosimian - good sense of smell, wet noses
Anthropoids - not as good a sense of smell, dry noses |
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Why are tarsiers considered to be transitionary forms between prosimians and anthropoids
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They have characteristics of both
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Prosimian characteristics of the tarsier
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-Highly arboreal
-Completely nocturnal -Large mobile ears -Nails and claws -2133 dental pattern -Very small -Large immovable eyes |
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Anthropoid characteristics of the tarsier
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-No crystalline shield (compensate
with large eyes -Dry noses -Shorter muzzle - flatter face -Almost complete eye sockets -no dental comb |
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Evolutionary Trends - Teeth
Reason |
Trend toward reduction in # of teeth
Can die from infected tooth Men like to mate with women who have small faces |
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Evolutionary Trends - Diet
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Trend toward lack of specialized diet
Omnivore - will eat anything to survive |
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Evolutionary Trends - Senses (Smell)
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Trend toward reduction of muzzle area. Structural change related to reduction of olfactory area of the brain
Primates don't smell well |
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Evolutionary Trends - Vision
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Trend toward front facing eyes. Primates eyes move to the front of the face. Stereoscopic and Binocular vision. Color vision
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Stereoscopic vision
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Whatever you see in one eye is registered in each side of the brain
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Binocular vision
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Overlapping vision - what you see in each eye overlaps
Associated with good depth perception |
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Color vision
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Gives us fine visual discrimination - prosimians are active at night so they don't need this.
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Evolutionary Trends - Vision and Smell
General trend and why |
Sense of smell decreases and vision becomes more advanced.
Better able to survive Need to judge distance and depth |
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How are eyes protected in primates
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Post orbital septum
Complete eye socket |
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Primate brain characteristics
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-Large in relationship to their body size
-Area that controls complex behavioral patterns are well developed |
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Who adjusts to social changes better humans or primates?
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Primates
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Primate childhood compared to other mammals - why?
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Longer childhood and dependence on adults - more social behavior to learn
The more complex the social behavior the longer it takes to learn |
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What are evolutionary trends?
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Steady change in a given adaptive direction, either in an evolutionary lineage or in a particular attribute, e.g. dentition.
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Name evolutionary trends
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Limbs and locomotion
Teeth and diet Senses and Brain Behavior |
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Evolutionary Trends - Limbs
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Clavicle
2 lower arm bones 5 digits in hands and feet |
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Clavical
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Moves arms away from the body
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2 lower arm bones
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Ulna & Radius
Articulated so you can twist and turn |