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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anthropology |
the science of human cultural and biological variation and evolution
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Epidemiology
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the branch of medicine dealing with the incidence and prevalence of disease in large populations
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Culture
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shared, learned behavior through the process of learning rather than instinct
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Biocultural Approach
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studying humans in terms of the interaction between biology and culture in evolutionary adaptations
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Comparative Approach
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comparing human populations to determine common and unique behaviors or biological traits
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Evolution
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The change in gene frequencies in a population over time
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Adaptation
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the process of successful interaction between a population and an environment
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Paleoanthropology
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study of the fossil remains of human evolution
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Enculturation
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how we learn our culture
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options when dealing with carrying capacity
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1. limit the population
2. increase food supply 3. migration |
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Ethnocentrism
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the belief that your culture is "better" than other ways of life
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Adaptation
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a human's way of adjusting culture based on needs
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Subfields of Anthropology
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1. Cultural Anthropology
2. Linguistic Anthropology 3. Archeology 4. Physical or Biological Anthropology |
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Cultural Anthropology
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study of living people (not past)
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Etic
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Outsider's point of view
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Emic
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insider's point of view
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Linguistic Anthropology
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study of human language
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Archaeology
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deals with past cultures
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Physical or Biological Anthropology
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focuses on human biology
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Falsification
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rejecting a hypothesis
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Theory
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a hypothesis tested over and over and never proven wrong
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Imperical Data
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observed data (you can see, touch)
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William Smith
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studied layers of earth and rejected idea that earth was 6,000 years old
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Mendel
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worked with pea plants
discovered the atom created dominant/recessive traits |
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Darwin's Works and when
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1859 - Origin of Species
1871 - The Descent of Man |
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Gould and Eldridge Work
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1974
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What % DNA do we share with chimps?
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98%
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How many bones (on average) in humans and chimps?
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206
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Jane Goodall
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Behavior studies - compared chimp and human behavior
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How many genes (on average) in humans?
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35,000
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Gene Frequency
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how often genes occur
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Chimp has how many chromosomes?
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48
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Humans have how many chromosomes?
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46
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Genotype
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Genetic endowment of an individual (the gene saying/coding that you are going to have brown eyes)
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Phenotype
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the actual observable trait (you physically having brown eyes)
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When did we crack the DNA code?
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1940's
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Oswald Avery
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Discovered DNA double helix
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Chromosomes
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long strands of DNA that contain the genes
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Watson and Crick
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Came up with Principle of Complementarity
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Mitosis
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process of replication of chromosomes in body cells; ordinary cell replication
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Meiosis
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creation of sex cells by replication of chromosomes followed by cell division; genetic code passed on; sex cell replication
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Mechanisms of Evolution
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1. Natural Selection
2. Mutation 3. Genetic Drift 4. Gene Flow |
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Genetic Drift
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Genetic isolation; the idea that if you have a restricted population, the genes will be shared within that population
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Gene Flow
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genes from one population are flowing to another population; reverses the flow of genetic drift; decreases the difference between the populations and makes them more like other populations
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Alleles
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Different forms of genes
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Gene
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segment of a chromosome
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Homozygous
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both alleles at a given locus are the same
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Heterozygous
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the two alleles at a given locus are different
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Co-Dominant
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when two different alleles are present in a genotype and they are both expressed
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K-selected
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produce fewer offspring and invest more care into them (humans)
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R-selected
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produce more offspring (fish)
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Phyletic Gradualism
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groups of organisms related to each other change slowly over time; microevolution occuring at a very slow rate (Darwin's straight line)
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Microevolution
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changes within a species
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Macroevolution
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changing into a new species
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Punctuated equilibrium
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gaps in the fossil record; organisms in equilibrium with their environment; something happens and rapid speciation takes place; a model of macroevolutionary change in which long periods of little evolutionary change are followed by relatively short periods of rapid evolutionary change
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What does Carl Sagen mean when he says, "Life is a three letter word?"
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Amino acids are combinations of three letter DNA that bond together to make proteins; you read them three at a time
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4 Engines of Evolution
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1. Natural Selection
2. Mutation 3. Genetic Drift 4. Gene flow |
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Natural selection
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Darwin's ideas of fitness in a reproductive sense; survival of the fittest; over-achieving theory
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Mutation
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the ultimate source of new genetic information acted upon by natural selection; not necessarily bad or abnormal things; random changes in our genes
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Biological species
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mating naturally and producing fertile offspring
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Polgenic traits
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trait influenced by one or more genes
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Pleitropic genes
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a gene that influences or affects one or more traits
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Paleospecies
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extinct species
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Anagenisis
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straight-line evolution; evolving directly from ancestors
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Cladogenesis
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branching evolution
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Demographer
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someone studying populations
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Gamete
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sex cells
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Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms
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1. Mechanics
2. Different Pollinators 3. Hybrid Inviability 4. Gamete isolation 5. Sexual 6. Seasonal 7. Hybrid sterility 8. Ecological |
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Who created Piltdown?
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Charles Dawson
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Bishop Usher
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Counted all begats in the bible and said the earth was 6,000 years old
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Thomas Huxley
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Darwin's bulldog
Defended Darwin's theory of evolution |
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Lamark
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Giraffe neck
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Code for down syndrome
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tri-somey 21
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independent assortment
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independent segregation and assortment of chromosomes during sexual reproduction. Independent assortment occurs during meiosis
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What gene controls language
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Fox P2 gene
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Processes that do not change gene frequencies in the population
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1. Crossing-over
2. Recombination 3. Mating |
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Processes that do change gene frequencies in the population (they cause evolution directly)
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1. Mutation
2. Gene Flow |