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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
abductive argument |
inference to the best explanation; "Suprise Principle" and "Only Game in Town Fallacy" are relevant in deciding how strong an abductive inference is |
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Surprise Principle
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a principle governing abductive inference; an observation O strongly favors one hypothesis (H1) over another (H2):
a.)If H1 were true, you would expect O to be true. b.)If H2 were true, you would expect O to be false |
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Example of Surprise Principle
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If I am really strong, then I can crumple this piece of paper. |
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Only Game in Town Fallacy
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the error of thinking that you are obliged to believe a proposed explanation of an ovservation just because it's the only explanation that has been proposed |
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Example of Only Game in Town Fallacy
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a.)If H, then O |
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Redundancy Theory of Truth
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this theory claims that to say that a statement is true is to do nothing more than assert that statement: "It's true that the snow is white" is just a long-winded way of saying that snow is white
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cosmological argument
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"first cause" by Aquinas: |
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birthday fallacy
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a.) Everyone has a birthday |
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teleological argument
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"argument from design" by Aquinas |
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Examples of Teleological Argument
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H1=Intelligent Designer (makes probable O) |
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Argument from Analogy
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nondeductive inference in which one infers that a target object T has some characteristic on the ground that T is similar to some other object A (the analog) and A is known to possess that characteristic
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Example of Argument from Analogy
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Other galaxies probably contain life, since they are quite similar to our own galaxy and our own galaxy contains life |
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Natural selection
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requires
1. variations among organisms 2. are inherited 3. affect fitness |
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Global why-questions
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questions that ask for an explanation of the totality of what has happened in the whole universe's history |
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Local why-questions
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questions about events that can be answered |