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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Valid Argument
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An argument where the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion.
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Invalid Argument
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An argument where the truth of the premises does not guarantee the truth of its conclusion.
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Modus Ponens
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1. If P, then Q. 2. P 3. Therefore, Q. Valid
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Hypothetical Syllogism
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1. If P, then Q. 2. If Q, then R. 3. Therefore, if P, then R. Valid
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Modus Tollens
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1. If P, then Q. 2. Not Q. 3. Therefore, not P. Valid
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Affirming the Consequent
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1. If P, then Q. 2. Q 3. Therefore, P. Invalid
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Denying the Antecedent
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1. If P, then Q. 2. Not P. 3. Therefore, not Q. Invalid
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Formal Fallacy
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Invalid forms of arguments
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Sound Argument
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An argument that has all true premises.
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Unsound Argument
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An argument that has one or more false premises.
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Deductive Argument
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Claims that if the premises are true, then the conclusion is necessarily true.
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Inductive Argument
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Claims that if the premises are true, then the conclusion is probably true.
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Dream Argument
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We are able to doubt even normal things, like that we are here, because a man who sleeps at night has all the same experiences while asleep as a madman does when awake.
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Intervention Hypothesis
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God could intervene to make me believe something is true when it is not true.
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Defective-design Hypothesis
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God could have created me with a faulty nature so that I reason incorrectly without knowing it even about things that seem self-evidently true like mathematics.
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Cogito Argument
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"I am, I exist." It is the point on which he can build his whole argument, his Archimedean Point, because no matter how much he doubts, he cannot doubt that he exists. The fact of doubting his existence undermines the possibility that he does not exist because the act of doubting reaffirms his existence.
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Cosmological Argument
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The existence of contingent things implies the existence of something necessary (The universe had to come from somewhere).
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Argument from Design
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There is evident design in nature and no design without a designer.
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Ontological argument
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the idea of a most perfect being implies the existence of that being.
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Truth Criterion
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Whatever I perceive in the same way I perceive the cogito (by way of clear and distinct perceptions) is true.
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Innate Ideas
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ideas that are discovered within me.
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adventitious ideas
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ideas that arise unbidden from outside me.
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invented ideas
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ideas that I construct in my imagination.
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ideas as acts
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a conscious mental event in the mind, consciousness of the idea as object.
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idea as object
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an "object" in the mind, the content of consciousness.
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formal reality
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The reality it has in virtue of the kind of thing it is.
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objective reality
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The reality it has in virtue of the kind of thing it represents.
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Causal Principle
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The reality of a cause must be at least as great as the reality of the effect.
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Freedom of Inclination
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The inclination of the will to affirm things perceived clearly and distinctly.
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Freedom of indifference
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Freedom of will when there is no reason pushing me in one direction or the other. Lowest grade of freedom.
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Determinism
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the entire state of the universe at any given point in time is fixed by the state of the universe at a prior time, in combination with the laws of nature.
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libertarianism
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view that determinism is incompatible with free agency, that determinism is false, and that free agency is thus possible.
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compatibilism
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view that determinism is, or might be, true but that it is compatible with free agency.
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