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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cardiorepiratory System
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The system that circulates blood through the body; consists of the heart, blood vessels, and respiratory system.
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Pulmonary Circulation
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The part of the circulatory system that moves blood between the heart and the lungs; controlled by the right side of the heart.
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Systemic Circulation
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The part of the circulatory system that moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body; controlled by the left side of the heart.
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Venae Cavae
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The large veins through which blood is returned to the right atrium of the heart.
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Atrium
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One of the two uppper chambers of the heart in which blood collects before passing to the ventricles.
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Ventricle
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One of the two lower chambers of the hart, from which blood flows through arteries to the lungs and other parts of the body.
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Aorta
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The body's large artery; receives blood from the left ventricle and distributes it to the body.
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Systole
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Contraction of the heart.
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Diastole
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Relaxation of the heart.
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Blood Pressure
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The force exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels; created by the bumping action of the heart.
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Veins
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Vessels that carry blood to the heart.
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Arteries
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Vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
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Capillaries
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Very small blood vessels that distribute blood to all parts of the body.
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Respiratory System
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The lungs, air passages, and breathing muscles; supplies oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide.
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Alveoli
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Tiny air sacs in the lungs that allow the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood.
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Stroke Volume
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The amount of blood the heart pumps with each beat.
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Cardiac Output
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The amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute; a function of heart rate and stroke volume.
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Metabolic Rate
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The rate at which the body uses energy.
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Glucose
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A simple sugar that circulates in the blood and can be used by cells to fuel adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production.
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Glycogen
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A complex carbohydrate stored principally in the liver and skeletal muscles; the major fuelsource during most forms of intense excercise. Glycogen is the storage form of glucose.
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
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The energy souce for cellular processes.
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Immediate ("explosive") Energy System
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The system that supplies energy to muscle cells through the breakdown of cellular stores of ATP and creating phosphate (CP).
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Nonoxidative (anaerobic) Energy System
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The System that supplies energy to muscle cells through the breakdown of muscle stores of glucose and glycogen; also called the anaerobic system or the lactic acid system because chemical reactions take place without oxygen and produce lactic acid.
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Anaerobic
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Occuring in the absence of oxygen.
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Lactic Acid
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A Metabolic acid resulting from the metabolism of glucose and glycogen
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Oxidative (Aerobic) Energy System
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The system that supplies energy to cells through the breakdown of glucose, glycogen, and fats; also called the aerobic system because its chemical reactions require oxygen.
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Aerobic
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Dependent on the presence of oxygen.
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Mitochondria
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Intracellular structures containging enzymes used in chemicalreactions that convert the energy in food to a form the body can use.
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Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2 Max)
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The highest rate of oxygen consumption an individual is capable of during maximum physical effort, reflecting the body's ability to trasnport and use oxygen; meaured in mililiters of oxygen used per minute per kilogram of body weight.
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Target Heart Rate Zone
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The range of heart rates that should be reached and maintained during cardiorepiratory endurance exercise to obtain training effects.
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Heart Rate Reserve
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The differnce between maximum heart rate and resting heart rate; used in one method for calculating target heart rate range.
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MET
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A unite of measure that represents the body's resting metabolic rate - that is, the energy requirement of the body at rest.
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Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)
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A system of monitoring exercise intensity based on assigning a number to the subjective perception of target intensity.
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Cross-training
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Alternating two or more activities to improve a single component of fitness.
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Dehydration
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Excessive loss of body fluid.
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Heat Cramps
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Sudden muscle spasms and pain associated with intense exercise in hot weather.
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Heat Exhaustion
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Heat illness resulting from exersion in hot weather.
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Heatstroke
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A Severe and often fatal heat illness characterized by significantly elevated core body temperature.
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Hympothermia
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Low body temperature due to exposure to cold conditions.
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Frostbite
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Freezing of body tissue characterized by pallor, numbness, and a loss of cold sensation.
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Wind Chill
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A meaure of how cold it feels based on the rate of heat loss from exposed skin caused by cold and wind; the temperature that would have the same colling effect on a person as a given combination of temperature and wind speed.
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Muscle Fiber
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A single muscle cell, usually classified according to strength, speed on contraction, and energy source.
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Myofibrills
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Protein structures that make up muscle fibers.
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Hypertrophy
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An increasure in the size of muscle fibers, usually stimulated by muscular overload, as occurs during strength training.
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Atrophy
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A decrease in the size of muscle fibers.
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Hyperplasia
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An increase in the number of muscle fibers.
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Slow-twitch fibers
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Red muscle fibers that are fatigue resistant but have a slow contraction speed and a lower capacity for tension; usually recruited for endurance activities.
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Fast-twitch fibers
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White muscle fibers that contract rapidly and forcefully but fatigue quickly; usually recruited for actions requiring strength and power.
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Power
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The ability to exert force rapidly.
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Motor Unit
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A Motor nerve (One that initiates movement) connected to one or more muscle fibers.
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Muscle Learning
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The improvement in the body's ability to recruit motor units, brought about through strength training.
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Tendon
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A tough band of fibrous tissue that connects a muscle to a bone or other body part and transmits the force exerted by the muscle.
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Ligament
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A tough band of tissue that connects the ends of bones to other bones or supports organs in place.
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Cartilage
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Tough, resilient tissue that acts as a cushion between the bones in a joint.
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Testosterone
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The principal male hormone, responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics and important in increasing muscle size.
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Repititon Maximum (RM)
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The maximum amount of resistance that can be moved a specified number of times.
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Repetitions
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The number of times an exercise is performed during one set.
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Static (isometric) Exercise
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Exercise involving a muscle contraction WITHOUT a change in the muscle's length.
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Dynamic (isotonic) Exercise
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Exercise involving a muscle contraction WITH a change in the muscle's length.
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Concentric Muscle Contraction
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A dynamic contraction in which the muscle gets shorter as it contracts.
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Eccentric Muscle Contraction
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A Dynamic contraction in which the muscle lengthens as it contracts; also called a pliometric contraction.
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Constant Resistance Exercise
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A type of dynamic exercise that uses a constant load throughout a joint's full range of motion.
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Variable Resistance Exercise
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A type of dynamic exercise that uses a changing load, providing a maximum load throughout the joint's full range of motion.
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Eccentric (Pliometric) Loading
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Loding the muscle while it is lengthening; sometimes called negatives.
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Plyometrics
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Rapid stretching of a muscle group that is undergoing eccentric stress (the muscle is exerting force while it lengthens), followed by a rapid concentric contraction.
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Kettlebell
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A large iron weight with a connected handle; used for ballistic weight training exercises wuch as swings and one-arm snatches.
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Isokinetic
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The application of force at a constant speed against and equal force.
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Spotter
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A person who assists with a weight traning exercise done with free weights.
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Set
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A group of repitions followed by a rest period.
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Agonist
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A muscle in a state of contraction, opposed by the action of another muscle, its antagonist.
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Antagonist
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A muscle that opposes the action of a contracting muscle, its agonist.
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Range of Motion
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The full motion possible in a joint
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Joint Capsules
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Semielastic structures, composed primarily of connective tissue, that surround major joints.
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Soft Tissues
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Tissues of the human body that include skin, fat, linings of internal organs and blood vessels, connective tissues, tendons, ligaments, muscles, and nerves.
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Collagen
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White fibers that provide structure and support in connective tissue.
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Elastin
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Yellow fibers that make connective tissue flexible.
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Elastic Elongation
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Temporary change in the length of muscles, endons, and supporting connective tissues.
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Plastic Elongation
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Long-term change in the length of muscles, tendons, and supporting connective tissues.
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Proprioceptor
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A nerve that sends information about the muscular and skeletal systems to the nervous system.
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Static Stretching
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A technique in which a muscle is slowly and gently stretched and then held in that stretched position.
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Ballistic Stretching
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A technique in which muscles are stretched by the force generated as a body part is repeatedly bounced, swung, or jerked.
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Dynamic Stretching
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A technique in which muscles are stretched by moving joints slowly and fluidly through their range of motion in a controlled manner; also called funtional stretching.
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Passive Stretching
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A technique in which muscles are stretched by force applied by an outside source.
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Active Stretching
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A technique in which muslces are stretched by the contraction of the opposing muscles.
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Vertebrae
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Bony segments composing the spinal column that provide structural support for the body and protect the spinal cord
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Intervertebral Disk
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An elastic disk located between adjoining vertebrae, consisting of a gel-and water-filled nucleus surrounded by fibrous rings; serves as a shock absorber for the spinal column.
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Nerve Root
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The base of each of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves that branch off the spinal cord through spaces between vertebrae.
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Core Muscles
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Teh trunk muscles extending from the hips to the upper back.
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Health-related fitness
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Physical capacities that contribute to health: cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition.
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Cardiorespiratory Endurance
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The ability of the body to perform prolonged, large-muscle, dynamic exercise at moderate to high levels of intensity.
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Muscular Strength
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The amount of all the vital processes by which food energy and nutrients are made available to and used by the body.
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Metabolism
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The sum of all the vital processes by which food energy and nutrients are made available to and used by the body.
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Muscular Endurance
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The ability of a muscle to remain contracted or to contract repeatedly for a long period of time.
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