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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Fibrous joints
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- No joint cavity
- Bones held together with connective tissue rich in collagen fibers - Permits little or no movement - Three types ( sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses). |
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Cartilaginous joints
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- No joint cavity
- Allows little or no movement - Bones held together with cartilage (hyaline cartilage / fibrocartilage) - Two types ( Syncondroses, Symphyses) |
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Synovial joints
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- Have a synovial cavity
- Freely movable; all synovial joint classified functionally as diarthroses. - Bones held together with an enclosed capsule and ligaments |
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Synarthroses (singular = synarthrosis)
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– Immovable joints
– Fibrous or cartilaginous – Four major types: suture, gomphosis, synchondrosis, synostosis |
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Amphiarthroses (singular = amphiarthrosis)
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– Slightly movable joints
– Fibrous or cartilaginous – Two major types: syndesmosis and symphysis |
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Diarthroses (singular = diarthrosis)
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– Freely movable joints, permit different types of movement
– Have many shapes – All diarthroses are synovial joints – Surrounded by articular capsule and synovial membrane |
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Gomphoses
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• Also called dento-alveolar
joint • Classified functionally as synarthrosis. • Fibrous joint binds the teeth to bony sockets in the maxillary and mandible bones • Periodontal ligament: – the dense fibrous connective tissue between the tooth and its socket |
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Synchondroses
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• Rigid cartilaginous bridge
between two articulating bones • The connecting material is hyaline cartilage • Classified as synarthrosis • Example – epiphyseal plate, first rib and manubrium • Bone replaces the cartilage when elongation ceases; synostosis |
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Syndesmosis
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• Fibrous joint permits slight
movement; amphiarthrosis • Greater distance between articulating bones than sutures and more fibrous connective tissue • The fibrous tissue arranged either as: – Bundle ligament, or – Sheet enterosseous membrane ( tibia and fibula) |
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Symphyses
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• a broad, flat disc of
fibrocartilage connects the bones. • Slightly movable; amphiarthrosis • Example: – symphysis pubis, intervertebral joints • All symphyses occur in midline of the body |
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Synovial joints
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• Have the synovial cavity
between articulating bones which allows a joint to be freely movable • functionally classified as diarthrosis • Hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surfaces of the bone creating a smooth surface that reduces friction • Articulating cartilages have no perichondrium • Articulating cartilages separated by a thin film of fluid |
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Articular capsule
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• Sleeve-like Surrounding the synovial joint
and encloses the synovial cavity • unites the articulating bones • Composed of two layers: 1. Outer fibrous capsule: • flexible, consist of dense irregular connective tissue attached to the periosteum of the articulating bones 2. Synovial membrane: • composed of areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers • Can include adipose tissue called articular fat pads |
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Synovial fluid
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• Viscous, clear fluid, Secreted by the
synovial membrane • forms a thin film over the articulating surfaces • Consist of the hyaluronic acid and interstitial fluid filtered from blood plasma. • Functions: – Reduces friction, by lubricating the joints – Shock absorption – Supplying nutrients and removing waste from the chondrocytes – Contains phagocytic cells that remove microbes and debris which results from normal wear and tear |
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Planar joints
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• Bone articulating
surfaces are flat or slightly curved • Permit side to side and front to back gliding movements • Also called nonaxial joints; the movement does not occur around an axis • Example: – sternoclavicular joint, – acromioclavicular joint – Intertarsal joint..etc. |
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Hinge joints
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• A convex surface fits
into a concave surface • Produce opening-andclosing, angular, motion. • Also called uniaxial joints; allow motion around an axis. • Examples – Elbow – knee – phalanges. |
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Pivot joints
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• Rounded or pointed
surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament. • Also called uniaxial; allow rotation around its own longitudinal axis • Example: – Atlanto-axial joint |
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Condyloid joints
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• Convex oval shaped
projection of one bone fits into oval shaped depression of another bone • Also called biaxial; allow movments around two axis, side to side and up-and-down • Example: – metacarpophalangeal joints. |
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Saddle joints
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• A modified condyloid
joint with freer movement • The bone articular surfaces are a saddle shape that fit into one another • Also called biaxial; allow side to side and up-and-down movement • Example – metacarpal of the thumb. |
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Ball and socket joint
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• A ball-like surface
of one bone fits into a cup like depression of another bone • Also called multiaxial; allow movements in all directions • Example: – Shoulder |
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Gliding movement
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• Occurs at planner joints
• Flat bone surfaces move back-and-forth and side-to-side • No significant alteration of the angle between the bones • Limited to range due to a thick capsule and associated ligaments |
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Angular movement
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• Increase or decrease in the angle between the
articulating bones • Angular movement, based on anatomical position are: – Flexion – Extension – Lateral flexion – Hyperextension, – Abduction – Adduction – Circumduction |
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Flexion
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• decreases the angle
between the articulating bones • Usually occurs in the sagittal plane • Joints: – Hinge, pivot, Condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket. |
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Extension
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• increases the
angle between the articulating bones • Usually occurs in the sagittal plane • Joints: – Hinge, pivot, Condyloid, saddle, ball-andsocket. |
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Lateral Flexion
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• Involves intervertebral
joints • Occurs in the frontal plane |
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Abduction
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– movement away from the
midline in the frontal plane – joints: • Condyloid, saddle, balland- socket |
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Adduction
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– movement toward the midline
in the frontal plane – joints: • Condyloid, saddle, balland- socket |
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Circumduction
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– the continuous sequence of
flexion, abduction, extension, adduction. – Example • moving the humorous in a circle at the shoulder joint |
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Rotation
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– the bone revolves
around its own longitudinal axis – joints: • pivot, ball-andsocket – example: • atlanto-Axial Joint (side to side movement) • Limbs medial • and lateral rotation |
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Elevation
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– upward movement of a
part of the body |
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Depression
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– downward movement of a
part of the body |
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Protraction
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– movement of a part of the
body anteriorly in the transverse plane |
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Retraction
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– movement of protracted
part back to the anatomical position. |
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Inversion
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– movement of the soles medially at
the intertarsal joints – the soles face each other |
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Eversion
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– Movement of the soles laterally at
the intertarsal joints – The soles away from each other |
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Dorsiflexion
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– Bending the foot and ankle in the
direction of the dorsum – stand on your heels |
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Plantar Flexion
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– Bending the foot and ankle and the
direction of the planter surface – Stand on your toes |
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Supination
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– a movement of the forearm at the
proximal and distal radioulnar joint – the palm is turned anteriorly or superiorly i.e. anatomical position |
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Pronation
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– movement of the forearm at the
proximal and distal radioulnar joints – the distal end of the radius crosses over the distal end of the ulna – The palms turn posteriorly or inferiorly |
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Opposition
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– The movement of the thumb of the
carpometacarpal joint – The thumb moves across the palm to touch the tip of the fingers on the same and i.e. the ability to grasp |