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230 Cards in this Set
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presenting symptoms for ears |
itching, pain, discharge, deafness, diminished hearing, tinnitus, dizziness
|
|
presenting symptoms for nose |
blockage, discharge, sneezing, pain, changes in sense of smell, deformity |
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presenting symptoms for oropharynx |
hoarseness, pain, foreign bodies, lumps, soreness, malocclusion, difficulty speaking, swallowing or chewing, respiratory difficulty
|
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presenting symptoms for lips |
lesions, dryness, cracking and bleeding |
|
components of the ear exam |
- inspect and palpate pinnae, press on tragus and mastoid process (bilaterally) - pull pinnae back and up to inspect tympanic membrane for redness - test hearing covering one ear at a time and asking patient to repeat what you whisper to them |
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components of the nose exam |
- palpate paranasal sinuses, around nose and top of nose to feel for pain and deviation - pull nose up and examine with otoscope, inspect septum for good vascular delivery |
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components of the mouth exam |
- ask patient to remove lipstick, gum or dentures - with gloved hands, inspect lips and buccal mucosa - inspect gums and teeth for cuts, bumps, inflammation, discomfort - look at hard palate, tongue, floor of mouth, oropharynx - using popsicle stick to depress tongue, ask pt to say "ah" and inspect the tonsils, uvula, soft palate - using cotton, ask pt to protrude tongue and inspect it for cuts and muscle strength |
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submandibular duct |
salivary excretory duct beneath mandible |
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Weber test |
hearing test using the 256 hz tuning fork |
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vertigo |
subtype of dizziness; patient feels that room is spinning around them (altered perception of motion) |
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vermillion border |
superficial border of lips |
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uvula |
projection off the middle of soft palate, moves up to close the nasopharynx when swallowing |
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umbo (of tympanic membrane) |
the central, most inverted portion of eardrum |
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tympanic membrane |
'eardrum' thin cone shaped membrane that separates external ear from middle ear |
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turbinates (concha) |
inferior, middle, superior; long narrow bone shelf that protrudes into breathing passage of the nose, separated by meatus' |
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tragus |
prominence on inner side of ear |
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torus palatinus |
bony protrusion on the palate (usually midline of hard palate) |
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tophus |
nodular mass of uric acid crystals (gout) |
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tinnitus |
ringing in the ears |
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thrush |
a fungal infection typically on skin or mucous membranes caused by candida/yeast |
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stomatitis |
inflammation of mucous membranes of mouth |
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parotid ducts |
the route saliva takes to enter the mouth from the parotid gland |
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sensorineural loss |
most common type of hearing loss. Root cause is vestibularcochlear nerve VIII, inner ear (hair cells), or central processing of brain. There is a problem with transmission |
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Rinne test |
hearing loss test using 512 hz tuning fork; determines conductive loss. Evaluates unilateral hearing loss by comparing bone conduction to air conduction sound |
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rhinorrhea |
discharge from the nose (runny nose) |
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ptyalism |
excessive flow of saliva |
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presbycusis |
hearing loss related to old age |
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petechia (-ae) |
pinpoint flat, round hemorrhages under the skin due to small leaky vessels (smaller than 3mm) |
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perceptive loss |
caused by issues of inner ear or nerve pathways; information cannot be coded into electrical signals to the brain. This is generally permanent |
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pars tensa |
main part of the eardrum, next to cone of light |
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pars flaccida |
flaccid portion of TM, superior to umbo |
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papillae |
small projections off the tongue |
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nasal septum |
separates left and right airways of nose, where the air you breathe in becomes warmer |
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nares |
nostrils |
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middle ear |
portion of ear internal to the eardrum and external to the oval window of the inner ear. Contains ossicles |
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manubrium |
process of malleus of the ear |
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malocclusion |
misalignment of the teeth when jaw is closed |
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malleus |
hammer shaped small bone or ossicle of middle ear |
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leukoplakia |
a mucous membrane disorder characterized by white patches especially on cheek, tongue, vulva, or penis |
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Koplik spots |
clustered, white lesions on the buccal mucosa, characteristic of measles |
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Kiesselbach's plexus |
a region in the anteroinferior part of nasal septum where four arteries anastomose to form a vascular plexus - anterior ethmoidal artery (from ophthalmic a) - sphenopalatine artery (terminal branch of maxillary a) - greater palatine artery (from maxillary a) - septal branch of superior labial artery (from facial a) |
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incus |
bone in middle ear. Anvil shaped, is connected laterally to malleus and receives vibrations from it. Transmits them to stapes, medially. |
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helix |
prominent ring of auricle |
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glossitis |
inflammation of the tongue |
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gingivitis |
inflammation of the gums |
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gingival |
gums |
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geographic tongue |
characterized by areas of smooth, red depapillation (loss of lingual papillae) which migrate over time. Map-like appearance of tongue |
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frenulum |
small fold of mucous membrane beneath the tongue |
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external ear |
outer ear, includes pinna and external acoustic meatus |
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pharyngotympanic tube |
aka auditory tube or Eustachian tube; links anterior wall of middle ear to lateral wall of nasopharynx at the level of inferior nasal concha. Has a bony and cartilaginous part and provides pressure equalization |
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epistaxis |
nosebleeds |
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ear canal |
external acoustic meatus |
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dizziness |
dizziness in which the patient feels like the room is spinning would be characterized as vertigo, a balance disequilibrium. Lightheadedness is different |
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deviated septum |
condition in which the nasal septum is slightly off center |
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decibel |
unit of measure for expressing sound |
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cheilitis |
chapped lips (inflammation) |
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cerumen |
ear wax |
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caries |
cavities |
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buccal |
cheek |
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auricle |
pinna, projecting portion of the ear |
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aphthous ulcer |
canker core, ulcer of mucous membranes |
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annulus |
ring-shaped object, structure or region |
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expected findings for head, face and neck examinations |
symmetry of face, midline trachea, good color, no enlarged lymph nodes, normal hair, no lumps or bumps, good turgor, normal thyroid size/no nodules |
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zygomatic arch |
cheekbone formed by zygomatic arch of temporal bone |
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torticollis |
neck is twisted, may by due to muscle spasm |
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TMJ |
temporomandibular joint |
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tic |
sudden, repetitive, nonrhythmic motor movement or vocalization involving discrete muscle groups |
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thyroid cartilage |
sits in front of larynx and above thyroid gland. Composed of two halves and meets at middle peak called laryngeal prominence aka Adam's apple |
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sternocleidomastoid muscle |
located in side of neck, extends from thorax to base of skull behind ear |
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posterior triangle |
area bordered by posterior SCM, clavicle, trapezius |
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Parkinson's disease |
nervous system disorder, characterized by a flat affect facial expression due to loss of facial muscles (mask-like) |
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myxedema |
swelling of skin and underlying tissues, giving a waxy consistency, typical of patients with hypothyroidism |
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moon facies |
rounded face due to fat deposits on cheeks and shoulders |
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microcephaly |
abnormal smallness of head, congenital condition associated with incomplete brain development |
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macrocephaly |
overly large head in infants |
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hypothyroidism |
under production of thyroid gland; thicker hair, weight gain |
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hyperthyroidism |
over production of thyroid gland; thinning of hair, weight loss |
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Horner's syndrome |
combination of signs and symptoms causes by disruption of nerve pathway from brain to face and eye on one side of the body. Result of stroke, tumor, spinal cord injury |
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goiter |
abnormal enlargement of thyroid gland |
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Cushing's syndrome |
moon facies; fat deposits |
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cricoid cartilage |
hyaline cartilage located under the thyroid cartilage and above tracheal cartilage. Thyroid positioned just under it. |
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crepitation |
crackling sound of vertebrae |
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carotid artery |
blood supply to neck, head and brain |
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bruit |
audible vascular sound associated with turbulent blood flow |
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Bell's palsy |
flaccidity or paralysis of facial nerve branches |
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anterior triangle |
region of neck bordered by midline of mandible and and anterior aspect of SCM |
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acromegaly |
enlargement of facial features and extremities |
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components of the head and scalp exam |
hair - quantity, distribution, texture, patterns of loss scalp - scaliness, flaking, lumps, lesions, size, contours, symmetry, deformities, tenderness, sutures, any rashes or sores esp around hairline. For infants: fontanelles |
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components of the face exam |
expression and involuntary movements, symmetry and contours, edema, masses, skin disruptions or irritation, TMJ, frontal and maxillary sinuses, palpating parotid glands and temporal arteries for inflammation or discomfort, sensation |
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components of the neck exam |
lumps, goiter, masses, scars, enlarged nodes (preauricular, postauricular, occipital, tonsillar, submandibular, submental, superficial cervical, deep cervical, supraclavicular), glands, evaluate range of motion and palpate posterior neck muscles and for crepitus of vertebrae by having pt look up, down, left, right, side to side while holding vertbrae, strength of traps and SCM, look at trachea and thyroid for deviation or enlargement (tangential lighting), have patient swallow (offer water), palpate thyroid from behind while having pt tilt head side to side and swallow, palpate carotids and listen for bruits |
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zosteriform |
linear arrangement of skin lesion, usually around dermatome T4 characteristic of shingles |
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wheal |
relatively flat localized collection of edema fluid |
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vesicle |
circumscribed elevations containing serious fluid or blood |
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vellus |
type of hair that is short, fine, inconspicuous and relatively unpigmented |
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varicella |
chickenpox; generalized, pruritic, vesicular (vesicles on erythematous base) rash, begins on trunk and spreads peripherally, lesions appear in crops and in different stages of healing |
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urticaria |
hives |
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ulcer |
circumscribed loss of epidermis which may extend deeply into corium and subcutaneous tissue |
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Tzanck test |
examination of fluid from a bulla (blister) in search of Tzanck cells characteristic of varicella, herpes zoster, herpes simplex, pemphigus vulgaris |
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turgor |
tenting, how fast your skin returns to normal after you pull up on it, a reflection of hydration and elasticity in skin |
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tumor |
a solid mass of cells, larger than a nodule |
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Terry's nails |
nail plate turns white with ground-glass appearance, distal band of reddish brown and obliteration of lunula; could be caused by liver or kidney disease or heart failure |
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telangiectasia |
abnormal dilation of red, blue or purple superficial capillaries, arterioles or venules typically located just below skin's surface |
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subcutaneous |
the third, deepest layer of skin composed of fat |
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striae |
long, slightly depressed lines w/o disruption of the skin, often shiny, colorless, aka stretch marks |
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splinter |
thin piece of matter that embeds into skin |
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serpiginous |
serpent or worm-like, describing a lesion |
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seborrhea |
red, itchy rash with white scales (on scalp called dandruff, on face and trunk appears eczema) |
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sebaceous |
oil (glands secrete sebum into hair follicle) |
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scale |
flakes of skin |
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pustule |
circumscribed elevation filled with pus |
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purpura |
pinpoint flat, round hemorrhages under skin due to small leaky vessels, larger than petechia (3mm-1cm) |
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psoriasis |
dry scaly plaque, can be on skin and nails |
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plaque |
on the skin it is a solid, broad area of raised skin where the surface area is larger than the height |
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paronychia |
bacterial or fungal infection lateral to the nail plate, usually needs to be drained |
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papule |
circumscribed solid elevation of the skin |
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nevus |
mole |
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nail root |
base of the nail underneath the skin |
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nail plate |
hard translucent part of nail, made up of keratin |
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nail bed |
skin beneath the nail plate |
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melanin |
pigment that gives skin, hair and eyes their color |
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macule |
flat, circumscribed area of color change without elevation |
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lunula |
crescent shaped white area on bed of fingernail at base |
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lichenification |
thickening and hardening of the skin, with exaggeration of normal markings |
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Lindsay's nails |
"half and half nails" pinkish digital aspect |
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lentigines |
liver spots, benign lesions that occur on sun exposed areas of body - backs of hands and face. Tend to increase in number with age, common among middle and older aged populations |
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koilonychias |
"spoon nails" associated with chronic iron deficiency/anemia |
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keratosis |
horny growth on the skin |
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jaundice |
yellowing of the skin due to a build up of bilirubin |
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intertrigo |
inflammation produced by chafing of adjacent areas of skin |
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induration |
increase in the fibrous elements in a tissue, marked by loss of elasticity and pliability |
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ichthyosis |
congenital skin condition causing the epidermis to become dry and rough like fish scales |
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hyperkeratosis |
abnormal thickening of outer layer of skin |
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hirsutism |
abnormal hair growth on face or body, especially in women |
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fissure |
crack in the skin, usually through epidermis |
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excoriation |
scratch marks |
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erosion |
superficial destruction of a surface area of tissue, can be from inflammation, trauma, ulceration |
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epidermis |
thin superficial layer of skin containing no blood vessels |
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eczema |
medical condition in which patches of skin become rough and inflamed with blisters that cause itching and bleeding |
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eccrine |
secrete |
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ecchymosis |
bruising |
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desquamation |
loss of skin, skin peeling or shedding |
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dermis |
deep layer of skin containing blood supply, connective tissue, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, hair follicles |
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dermatographia |
"skin writing", patients with this have very sensitive skin; reddened raised wheals appear even if lightly scratched |
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cyst |
encapsulated, fluid filled mass in dermis of subcutaneous layer |
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cyanosis |
bluish tint |
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crust |
varying colors of liquid debris (serum or pus) that have dried on surface of skin |
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confluent |
tend to run together |
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comedone |
dilated hair follicle filled with keratin squamae, bacteria or sebaceous oil, can be closed or open (acne) |
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clubbing |
rounding of the fingernail beds, seen commonly in patients with emphysema and other pulmonary issues |
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cherry angioma |
bright red, pinhead sized smooth spots usually on the trunk, common after age of 30. May become purple with age. Round, flat, sometimes raised and surrounded by pale halo |
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bulla |
rounded prominence filled with air or fluid, larger than vesicle |
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Beau's lines |
deep horizontal ridges in nail plate, reflects a temporary cessation of production of nail, possibly due to endocrine problems, infection, injury |
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apocrine |
sweat gland |
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annular |
ring-shaped |
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alopecia |
baldness |
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actinic |
rough scaly patches of skin, developed after many years of sun exposure |
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white coat hypertension |
patient may have an increased BP due to anxiety at the doctor's office |
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torr |
same as one millimeter of mercury; measurement |
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thrill |
vibration |
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tachycardia |
pulse > 100bpm |
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systolic |
ventricular contraction |
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sphygmomanometer |
BP cuff |
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sepsis |
systemic infection |
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rigors |
sudden feeling of cold with shivering, accompanied by a rise in temp. Often with copious sweating, especially at onset of high fever |
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quotidian |
everyday, ordinary |
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pyrexia |
fever |
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pulse pressure |
difference between systole and diastole |
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Korotkoff sounds |
what you hear when taking BP; 5 phases |
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hyperventilation |
increased respiratory rate, increased oxygen consumption and hypercapnia (increased CO2) |
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hyperpyrexia |
incredibly high fever |
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factitious fever |
when patient fakes fever by putting the thermometer to a lamp; make sure the skin and warm and heart rate is high to confirm the presence of fever |
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edema |
swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in body's tissues |
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diurnal variation |
normal fluctuations between morning and night (temp lower in morning and higher at night) |
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diastolic |
ventricular relaxation |
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cephalocaudad |
head to toe direction |
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bradycardia |
slow heart rate, < 60 bpm |
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BMI |
body mass index kg/m2 |
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auscultatory gap |
period of diminished or absent Korotkoff sounds during manual measurement of BP. Improper interpretation may lead to underestimation of systolic BP or overestimation of diastolic BP |
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antecubital space |
anterior elbow joint |
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5 fingers of Osler |
observation, palpation, percussion, auscultation, smell (other senses also) |
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accommodation |
a reflex action of the eye, in response to focusing on a near object, then looking at distant object (and vice versa), comprising coordinated changes in vergence, lens shape and pupil size |
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amblyopia |
vision in one of the eyes is reduced because the eye and brain are not working together - the eye itself looks normal but the brain is favoring the other eye. Also known as lazy eye |
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anisocoria |
unequal size of pupils |
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aqueous humor |
fluid in anterior chamber that fills the space between the cornea and iris - produced by ciliary body, nourishes and gives eye its shape |
|
arcus cornealis |
caused by hyperlipidemia; ring around outside of iris that is composed of cholesterol |
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astigmatism |
common, mild, imperfection in curvature of cornea or lens |
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blepharitis |
inflammation of the eyelid |
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canal of Schlemm |
channel that collects aqueous humor and delivers it to bloodstream |
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canthus |
either corner of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet. More specifically, the inner and outer canthi are, respectively, the medial and lateral ends/angles of the palpebral fissure |
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chalazion |
under the lower margin of eyelid - a bump in the eyelid caused by a blockage of oil (Meibomian) gland |
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choroid |
vascular layer of the eye, containing connective tissue, and lying between the retina and the sclera |
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conjunctiva |
thin, moist membrane that covers inner surface of eyelid (palpabrae) and outer surface of eyelid (bulbar) |
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diopter |
unit of measurement of the optical power of a lens or curved mirror |
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diplopia |
double vision |
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entropion |
condition in which the eyelid is rolled inward against the eyeball, typically caused by muscle spasm or by inflammation or scarring of the conjunctiva |
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ectropion |
in which the eyelid is turned outward away from the eyeball |
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epicanthus |
skin fold of upper eyelid, covering medial canthus |
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fovea |
most central part of the macula (in retina), has densely packed cones and highest visual acuity |
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glaucoma |
increased intraocular pressure from aqueous humor build up, resulting in optic nerve damage |
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hemianopsia |
blindness in half the visual field |
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hordeolum |
stye |
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hyperopia |
far sighted |
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hyphema |
blood in the anterior chamber of eye, usually via trauma |
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limbus |
border of cornea and sclera (white of eye) |
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macula lutea |
surrounds fovea centralis, many cones and few rods, provides central vision |
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myopia |
near sighted |
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nicking |
artery of eye crosses vein of eye |
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nystagmus |
involuntary eye movement |
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optic disc |
where optic nerve leaves the eye - blind spot |
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oculus dexter |
right eye |
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oculus sinister |
left eye |
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palpebral fissure |
elliptic space between the medial and lateral canthi of the two open lids. aka the opening between the eyelids |
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papilledema |
optic disc swelling that is caused by increased intracranial pressure |
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photophobia |
light sensitivity |
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plano |
no visual correction needed |
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presbyopia |
poor vision associated with old age |
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proptosis |
eye that protrudes outwards |
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pterygium |
non-cancerous growth starting on conjunctiva onto the iris/pupil; associated with spending a lot of time outdoors |
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ptosis |
drooping of upper eyelid |
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punctum |
commencement of the canaliculi at minute orfices, on the margin of upper and lower eyelid on nasal side and function to collect tears produced by lacrimal glands |
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retina |
innermost coat of the eye - light sensitive and sends image through optic nerve |
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sclera |
dense, white, fibrous membrane that, with the cornea, forms the external covering of the eyeball |
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scotoma |
a partial loss of vision or a blind spot in an otherwise normal visual field |
|
strabismus |
condition that interferes with binocular vision because it prevents a person from directing both eyes simultaneously towards the same fixation point; the eyes do not properly align with each other |
|
tarsal plates |
thick, elongated dense connective tissue lining each eyelid for support and formation |
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xanthelasma |
sharply demarcated yellowish deposit of fat underneath the skin, usually on or around the eyelids |
|
xophthalmos |
abnormal protrusion of the eyeball or eyeballs (proptosis) |
|
s.c. |
without corrective lenses |
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c.c |
with corrective lenses |
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PERRLA |
pupils are equal round and reactive to light and accommodation bilaterally |