Pathology

Front 1

Mobitz I

Back 1

117. Usually due to inferior MI. Rarely goes into 3rd degree block.
118. Txt w/ Atropine or Isoproterenol.

Front 2

Mobitz II

Back 2

BBB association. Often goes to 3rd degree AV block. Usually due to anterior MI.

Front 3

P wave

Back 3

Atrial depol.

Front 4

a wave

Back 4

LA contraction

Front 5

T wave

Back 5

Vetricular repol.

Front 6

Wavy fibers

Back 6

Eosinophilic bands of necrotic myocytes. Early sign of MI.

Front 7

Janeway’s lesions

Back 7

Acute bacterial endocarditis.
125. Nontender, erythematous lesions of palms & soles.

Front 8

Osler’s nodes

Back 8

Subacute bacterial endocarditis.
127. Tender lesions of fingers & toes.

Front 9

Thiamine defcy

Back 9

Wet Beri Beri heart. Dilated (congested) cardiomyopathy due to chronic alcohol consumption
129. Dyr Beri Beri = peripheral neuropathy
130. Wernicke-Korsakoff = ataxia; confusion; confabulation; memory loss

Front 10

Fibrinous Pericarditis

Back 10

Associated w/ MI: Dressler’s

Front 11

Serous Pericarditis

Back 11

Associated w/ nonbacterial; viral (Coxsackie) infection; immunologic reaction.

Front 12

Friction Rub

Back 12

Pericarditis association

Front 13

Hemorrhagic Pericarditis

Back 13

Associated w/ TB or neoplasm

Front 14

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

Back 14

Aka infiltrative cardiomyopathy that stiffens the heart
136. Due to amyloidosis in the elderly
137. Due to , also see schaumann & asteroid bodies in young (<25 yoa).

Front 15

PML’s infectious agent

Back 15

JC Virus (Papovavirus = dsDNA, naked icosahedral capsid)

Front 16

Edema

Back 16

↑Pc (more seeps out)
140. ↓πc (less reabsorbed)
141. ↑ permeability
142. Block lymphatic drainage

Front 17

Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease

Back 17

Commonly see liver cysts & Berry aneurysms along w/ kidney cysts. Hematuria & HTN also
present.
144. 3 cysts in ea. Kidney w/ + family history confirms diagnosis

Front 18

Malignant HTN & Kidneys

Back 18

Petehial hemorrhages are seen on kidney surfaces = Flea-Bitten surface = young black men

Front 19

Nephritic signs

Back 19

Hematuria; RBC casts; HTN

Front 20

Nephrotic signs

Back 20

Proteinuria; Hypoalbuminemia; Edema

Front 21

Podocyte Effacement seen w/

Back 21

Minimal Change (Lipoid nephrosis) disease

Front 22

ASO seen in

Back 22

Acute post-streptococcal GN (due to βHGASrtep)
150. Anti streptolysin O

Front 23

Crescentic GN

Back 23

Rapidly progressive GN – nephritic syndrome
152. Associated w/ multi system disease or post-strep/post infectious glomerular nephritis

Front 24

Hereditary Nephritis

Back 24

Alport’s syndrome. X linked
154. Renal disease w/ deafness & ocualr abnormalities

Front 25

Membranoproliferative GN

Back 25

Can be secondary to complement deficiency; chronic infections; CLL
156. See tram tracking

Front 26

TypeI Membrano Proliferative GN
deposits

Back 26

C3 & IgG deposits

Front 27

TypeII Membrano Proliferative

Back 27

Only C3 deposits

Front 28

GN deposits

Back 28

Aka Dense deposit disease

Front 29

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
deposits

Back 29

IgM & C3 deposits

Front 30

Cold agglutinins

Back 30

Seen in atypical pneumonia
162. It is IgM Ab with specificity for I Ag on adult RBCs

Front 31

Scrofula

Back 31

TB in the lymph nodes

Front 32

Aspirin-Asthma Triad

Back 32

Nasal polyps – Rhinitis – bronchoconstriction

Front 33

Ferruginous bodies

Back 33

Hemosiderin (pigment w/ Fe3-) covered macrophages that have been pahgocytised

Front 34

Pancoast’s tumor causes

Back 34

Ulnar nerve pain & Horner’s syndrome

Front 35

Fatty degeneration

Back 35

Made up primarily of triglycerides
168. Most commonly due to alcoholism which commonly leads to hepatic cirrhosis
169. Associated w/ CCl4

Front 36

Cloudy swelling

Back 36

Failure of cellular Na pump
171. Seen in Fatty degeneration of the liver and in Hydropic (Vacuolar) degeneration of the liver

Front 37

Hydropic degeneration

Back 37

Severe form of cloudy swelling
173. Seen with hypokalemia induced by vomitting/diarrhea

Front 38

Liquefaction necrosis

Back 38

Rapid enzymatic break down of lipids
175. Seen commonly in Brain & Spinal cord (CNS) injuries
176. Seen in suppurative infections = pus formation

Front 39

Coagulation necrosis

Back 39

Result of sudden ischemia
178. Seen in organs w/ end arteries limited collateral circulation) = heart, lung, kidney, spleen

Front 40

Caseation necrosis

Back 40

Combination of both coagulation & liquefaction necrosis
180. Seen w/ M. tuberculosis & Histoplasma capsulatum infection

Front 41

Fibrinoid necrosis

Back 41

Seen in the walls of small arteries
182. Associated w/ malignant hypertension, polyarteritis nodosa, immune mediated vasculitis

Front 42

Fat necrosis

Back 42

Result of lipase actions liberated from pancreatic enzymes
184. Seen w/ Acute pancreatitis = saponification results

Front 43

Hemoptysis

Back 43

Blood in sputum

Front 44

Pulmonary embolism

Back 44

Most commonly thrombus from lower extremity vein

Front 45

Phlebothrombosis

Back 45

From a vein of lower extremities, of a pregnant uterus, in Congestive heart failure, bed ridden
pt,
188. As a complicaiton in a pt w/ Pancreatic CA due to ↑d blood coagulability

Front 46

Saddle embolus

Back 46

Embolus lodged in bifurcation of pulmonary trunks
190. ↑↑ RV strain = RV & RA dilate = Acute cor Pulmonale

Front 47

Paradoxical embolism

Back 47

Right to Left shunt allows a venous embolism to enter arterial circulation
192. Patent ovale foramen or Atrial septal defect

Front 48

Tuberculoid granuloma

Back 48

Collection of macrophages w/o caseation
194. Seen w/ Sarcoidosis (non-caseating); Syphilis; Brucellosis and Leprotic infections

Front 49

Cellulitis

Back 49

Spreading infection due to streptococcus

Front 50

PSA

Back 50

Prostate Specific Antigen = elevated in prostatic CA

Front 51

↑↑5-HT

Back 51

In cases of metastatic carcinoid, txt w/ Methysergide (5HT antagonist)

Front 52

↑ αFeto Protein

Back 52

Hepatocarcinoma
199. Neural tube defects

Front 53

CEA

Back 53

Carcinoembryonic Antigen = elevated in Colon CA

Front 54

Chromosome 13

Back 54

Retinoblastoma

Front 55

Chromosome 11p

Back 55

Wilms tumor of the kidney

Front 56

Vinyl Chloride

Back 56

Associated w/ Angiosarcoma of the liver

Front 57

Agent Orange

Back 57

Contains dioxin
205. Implicated as a cause of Hodgkin;s disease, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma & soft tissue sarcomas

Front 58

Parasites & CA

Back 58

Schistosoma haematobium = Urinary bladder CA
207. S. mansoni = Colon CA
208. Aspergillus flavus = potent hepatocarcinogen

Front 59

Ochronosis

Back 59

Alkaptonuria
210. Error in tyrosine metabolism due to Homogentisic acid (oxidizes tyrosine)
211. Involving intervertebral disks = Ankylosing Spondilitis = Poker spine
212. See dark urine; dark coloration of sclera, tendons, cartilage

Front 60

Lead poisoning

Back 60

Acid fast inclusion bodies
214. ↑ urinary coproprophyrin
215. Anemia: microcytic/ hypochromic
216. Stippling of the basophils
217. Gingival line & lead line in bones: x-ray
218. Mental retardation

Front 61

Heroin OD, clinically

Back 61

Massive pulmonary edema w/ frothy fluid from the nostrils

Front 62

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Back 62

Small head, small eyes, funnel chest, ASD, mental deficiency, and hirsutism

Front 63

Atypical mycobacterium

Back 63

M. kanasasii & M. avium intracellulare

Front 64

Cold abscesses

Back 64

Liquefied TB lesions similar to pyogenic abscesses but lacking acute inflammation

Front 65

Actinomyces isrealli

Back 65

Farmers infection
224. Lumpy jaw (from chewing grain) & PID (IUD), but most common is due to saprophyticus

Front 66

Congenital Syphilis

Back 66

Saddle nose, Saber shin, Hutchinson’s teeth, nerve deafness, interstitial keratitis

Front 67

Warthin-Finkeledy cells

Back 67

Reticuloendothelial giant cells on tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen
227. Seen with Rubeola (measles) due to paramyxovirus

Front 68

Diphyllobothrium latum

Back 68

Tapeworm infection causing megaloblastic anemia by consuming large amount of vit B12 in the
host

Front 69

Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis

Back 69

α Hemolytic Streptococci (S. viridans) = usually in pt w/ pre-existing heart problem

Front 70

Acute Bacterial Endocarditis

Back 70

Staph aureus, β Hemolytic Streptococci, E. coli
231. Common among drug addicts & diabetics

Front 71

Mitral Insufficiency

Back 71

Ruptured papillary muscle

Front 72

Left Anterior Descending branch

Back 72

Branch of the Left Coronary artery
234. Highest frequency of thrombotic occlusion
235. MI = anterior wall of the LV, especially in apical part of interventricular septum

Front 73

Left Circumflex branch

Back 73

Branch of the Left Coronary artery
237. Occlusion = MI of posterior/lateral wall of the LV

Front 74

Dissecting Aneurysm

Back 74

False aneurysm: it is splitting of the media of the aorta
239. Usually accompanied w/ long history of severe hypertension, also seen w/ familial hyperlipidemia,
atherosclerotic disease, Marfan’s Collagen disease
240. Zones of medial necrosis +/- slitlike cysts = Medial Cystic Necrosis of Erdheim

Front 75

Cor Pulmonale

Back 75

Right ventricular strain, associated w/ right ventricular hypertrophy

Front 76

Acute Cor Pulmonale

Back 76

Sudden right ventricular strain due to a massive pulmonary embolism

Front 77

Bronchopneumonia

Back 77

Lobular (rather than lobar)
244. Due to Staph aureus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Klebsiella; E. coli
245. Abscess formation is common

Front 78

Lobar pneumonia

Back 78

Due to Strep. Pneumoniae infection (5% due to Klebsiella)
247. Red Hepatization: days 1-3 of the pneumonia
248. Gray Hepatization: days 3-8 of untreated pneumonia
249. Complicaitons: pleural effusion; atelectasia; fibrinous pleuritis; empyema; fibrinous pericarditis;
otitis media

Front 79

Bronchiectasis

Back 79

Permanent dilatation of the bronchi – predisposed by chronic sinusitis and post nasal drip
251. Supparation associated
252. Lower lobe > than upper lobe involvement

Front 80

Cold Agglutinins

Back 80

Found w/ Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Front 81

Panlobular Emphysema

Back 81

α1 – antitrypsin deficiency, causing elastase ↑ = ↑ compliance in the lung

Front 82

Bulla

Back 82

Associated w/ Emphysema = “Bleb” = outpouching - If it ruptures causes Pneumothorax

Front 83

Farmer’s Lung

Back 83

Due to Micropolyspora faeni (thermophilic actinomycetes)

Front 84

Bagassosis

Back 84

Due to M. vulgaris (actinomycetes)
258. Inhalation of sugar cane dust

Front 85

Silo-Filler’s Lung

Back 85

Due to Nitrogen dioxide from nitrates in corn

Front 86

G6PDH Deficiency

Back 86

Sex-linked chronic hemolytic anemia w/o challenge or after eating fava beans
261. Heinz Bodies appear in RBCs

Front 87

HbF ↑↑

Back 87

Sickle Cell Anemia

Front 88

Multiple Myeloma

Back 88

Lytic lesions of flat bones (“salt & pepper lesions”) = vertebrae, ribs, skull; Hypercalcemia; Bence-
Jones protein casts

Front 89

Hodgkin’s Disease

Back 89

Malignant neoplasm of the lymph nodes causing pruritis; fever = looks like an acute infection
265. Reed Sternberg cells

Front 90

Polyarteritis Nodosa

Back 90

Immune complex disease of Ag-Ab complexes on blood vessel wall
267. Half of the immune complexes have Hepatitis B Ag
268. Can see fever; abd.pain; ↓ wt; HTN; muscle aches

Front 91

Sprue

Back 91

Celiac disease due to a gluten-induced enteropathy = small intestine villi are blunted
270. High titers of anti-gliadin Abs & ↑ IgA levels

Front 92

Regional Enteritis

Back 92

Crohn’s Disease
272. Association w/ Arthritis; Uveitis; Erythema Nodosum

Front 93

Whipple’s Disease

Back 93

Intestinal Lipodystrophy = malabsorption syndrome

Front 94

Kulchitsky cells

Back 94

Neural cest cells from which carcinoids arise = of the Bronchi; GIT; Pancreas

Front 95

Ulcerative Colitis

Back 95

Inflammatory disease of the colon w/ ↑ colon CA incidence
276. Crypt abscess in the crypts of Lieberkuhn
277. Pseudopolyps when ulcers are deep
278. Not transmural involvement

Front 96

Vaginal Adenosis

Back 96

Women exposed to DES (Diethylstilbesterol) in utero before the 18th week of pregnancy
280. Some develop clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina & cervix

Front 97

Scirrhous Carcinoma

Back 97

Infiltrating Duct Carcinoma w/ fibrosis – most common type of breast carcinoma

Front 98

Hofbauer Cells

Back 98

Lipid laden macrophages seen in villi of Erythroblastosis Fetalis

Front 99

Retinopathy of Prematurity

Back 99

Retrolental Fibroplasia = cause of bindness in premies due to high O2 concentrations

Front 100

IgA deficiency

Back 100

Pt has recurrent infections & diarrhea w/ ↑ respiratory tract allergy & autoimmune diseases
285. If given blood w/ IgA = develop severe, fatal anaphylaxis reaction

Front 101

Priamry Sjorgen’s

Back 101

Dry eyes & dry mouth, arthritis. ↑ risk for B cell lymphoma. HLA-DR3 frequent. Autoimmune
disease.

Front 102

Secondary Sjorgen’s

Back 102

Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, or systemic sclerosis association
288. RA association shows HLA-DR4

Front 103

LDH1 & LDH2

Back 103

Myocardium. LDH1 higher than LDH2 = Myocardial Infarction

Front 104

LDH3

Back 104

Lung tissue

Front 105

LDH4 & LDH5

Back 105

Liver cells