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85 Cards in this Set
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Subclass Copepoda |
Micropredator - swim to different hosts. Can act as vectors Includes highly derived species that look wormy. Includes families Caligidae, Sarcotacidae, Pennellidae, Lernaepodidae |
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Family Lernaepodidae |
In Subclass Copepoda Parasites of fish Anterior end of parasite is embedded in skin ie Ommatokoita elongata in sleeper shark eye |
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Family Pennellidae |
Subclass Copepoda, highly modified. Parasite of fish and cetaceans Usually anchored in circulatory system, ie in aorta. Can get big, ie ones on whale & blue marlin. |
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Family Sarcotacidae |
Subclass Copepoda Live encysted in muscle or in abdominal cavities of fish host. Female is sac like gonad and male lives in cyst with her. |
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Subclass Branchiura |
Class Maxillopoda Fish lice Micropredators Have two adhesive disks and a piercing stylet. Ecto-parasites of fish, some on frogs. |
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Subclass Pentastomida |
Class Maxillopoda Tongue worms In verts, common in reptiles Related to Branchiura Trophically transmitted Lives in respiratory tract of DH. Complex life cycle Cause Human Pentastomiasis - ocular |
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Phylum Acanthocephala |
"Thorny headed worms"
Proboscis armed with hooks Hosts: Larvae in insects or crustaceans Adults in the intestines of verts or bony fishes Trophic transmission See sexual selection with sperm competition Dioecious -females bigger & have ovarian balls & uterine bells -male is smaller and has copulatory bursa & cement glands Image is of cystacanth stage ( infective stage) |
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Acanthocephalan Life Cycle
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Egg has acanthor > acanthella > cystacanth (infective form) > adult eggs contain acanthor with 6-8 hooks. Paratenic hosts common, not required. IH: insect, crustacean, copepod. DH: vert. |
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Dissection of Sand Crab
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Host: Emeritas analoga Parasite: Acanthocephalan Polymorphus sp. |
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Phylum Arthropoda |
Chitinous exoskeletons
Metamerism - body segmentation Jointed appendages Include Subphylum Crustacean and Class Insecta |
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Subclass Copepoda |
In Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea
Diverse |
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Subclass Branchiura |
In Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea Two adhesive disks & piercing stylet Ecto-parasites of fishes, cause serious economic loss in fisheries Smaller bottom part and little tail compared to the copepod family calgidae |
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Superorder Thoracica |
In Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea, Class Maxillopoda, Subclass Thecostraca
Your typical barnacles that live on other organisms. Free living. ie Whale barnacles |
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Subclass Thecostraca |
Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea, Class Maxillopoda Two larval stages: nauplius & cypris. Includes Superorders Thoracica & Rhizocephala |
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Superorder Rhizocephala |
Phylum Arthropods, Subphylum Crustacea, Class Maxillopoda, Subclass Thecostraca Highly specialized parasites Endoparasites of crustaceans. Castrators, behavior modifiers |
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Sheep Crab Dissection |
Host: Sheep Crab Loxorhynchus Parasite: Rhizocephalan Heterosaccus californicus |
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Class Insecta |
Phylum Arthropoda
Ectoparasites, Parasitoids, Micropredators, & Vectors. Head, thorax, abdomen. |
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Order Phthiraptera |
Lice D-V flattened Wingless Includes Ischnocera- "chewing lice" Anoplura - "sucking lice" |
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Superfamily Anoplura |
In Class Insecta, Order Phthiraptera "sucking lice" Have three piercing stylets Includes Pediculus sp: body louse, head louse, and public louse. Have smaller/thinner heads than Mallphaga. |
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Superfamily Ischnocera |
In Class Insecta, Order Phthiraptera "chewing lice" Small, wingless Parasites of birds & sometimes mammals Includes feather lice Many highly host specific or site (on body) specific |
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Order Siphonaptera |
Class Insecta Fleas Small, wingless Feed on blood of mammals & birds as adults Not highly host specific Laterally compressed Includes Xenopsylla cheopsis, the vector of bubonic plague. |
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Order Hemiptera |
Class Insecta "true bugs" X-shaped wings Stylet mouthpart Posteriorly directed stylet Mostly winged (Cimex sp. are an exception) Includes Triatoma sp. Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi) vector & Cimex sp. bedbugs! |
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Triatoma sp |
Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera "kissing bug" Blood feeding Vector for Chagas Disease (Trypanosoma cruzi) |
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Cimex sp. |
Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera bedbugs! No wings Note posteriorly facing stylet |
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Order Diptera |
Class Insecta Flies, gnats, & mosquitos Single pair of membranous wings, hindwings modified as balancing organs: halteres Many micropredators, some parasitoids |
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Plant Gall Dissection |
Host: Baccharis pilularis - Coyote Bush Parasite: Rhopalomyia californica - Midge, a Dipteran |
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Glossina sp. |
Order Diptera Tsetse fly. Vector for African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosoma brucei) |
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Subclass Acari |
Phylum Arthropoda, Class Arachnida Ticks & Mites Adults have four pairs of legs & juveniles have only three. Includes Family Ixodidae: Hard Ticks Family Argasidae: Soft Ticks |
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Family Ixodidae |
Class Arachnida, Class Acari Hard Ticks Visible head Includes Ixodes sp, the vector for Lyme Disease. |
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Family Argasidae |
Class Arachnida, Class Acari Soft Ticks Can't see head from above Round |
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Mite & Amphipod Dissection |
Host: Orchestoidea, amphipod (beach hopper) Parasite: Thinoseius brevisternalis, mite |
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Flagellates |
Diverse paraphyletic group, relationships not well understood. Stages: trophozoite: in gut & urogenital tract. cyst: in feces. Infective stage. |
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Order Retortamonadida |
Flagellates Know species Chilomastic mesnili DH: humans, pigs, primates Non pathogenic Four flagella Pyriform shape: posterior end drawn out into a blunt point Trophs in cecum/colon Cysts in feces > water |
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Order Diplomonadida |
Flagellate Know species Giardia lamblia DH: humans/mammals pathogenix Eight flagella Binucleate trophs Adhesive disk Trophs in intestine Cysts in feces > water Cysts have 4 nuclei grouped together |
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Class Opalinea |
Flagellate Appear ciliated, but taxonomically closer to flagellates know Opalina sp. Multinucleate Found in gut of amphibians - timed to host reproduction to facilitate transmission Live opalina have graceful movement and opalescent sheen |
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Local Tree Frog Dissection |
Host: Pseudacris regilla - local tree frog Parasite: Opalina sp - a flagellate |
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Order Trichomonadida |
Flagellates know 2 species Dientamoeba fragilis Trichomonas vaginalis Multiply by binary fission |
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Dientamoeba fragilis |
Flagellate, Order Trichomonadida Inhabits large intestine of humans. Lacks flagella, instead has a pseudopodium No cyst stage, troph in lg intestine 2 nuclei in troph Pinworms may be a vector |
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Trichomonas vaginalis |
Flagellate, Order Trichomonadida Inhabits urogenital tract of humans - sexually transmitted! Pathogenic, not severe Undulating membrane Trophs in urogenital tract, no cycsts |
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Termite dissection |
Host: Termites Parasites: Flagellates Mutualistic relationship!! Flagellates digest wood for the termites - the flagellates produce cellulase as a byproduct of their metabolic functions Many different genera & species of gut flagellates! |
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Order Kinetoplastida |
Hemoflagellates One flagellum Single, large mitochondria Have kinetoplast - a mass of DNA in mitochondria at base of flagellum. Stains well & is easy to see. Kinetostome - structure from which the flagellum originates Have four troph stages & no cyst stage (not all species have all stages). 1. Amastigote: tiny, no flagellum 2. Promastigote: Has flagellum, no undulating membrane. 3. Epimastigote: Has flagellum and short undulating membrance. Kinetoplast moves up closer to nucleus. 4. Trypomastigote: Has flagellum and undulating membrane all the way up the body. Includes Salivaria & Stercoraria |
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Salivaria |
Hemoflagellates, Order Kinetoplastida The parasite utilizes a biting insect vector and positions infective stages in the salivary glands of the insect so that when it feeds, the infective stages are injected into the skin of the vert host. Includes Trypanosoma brucei |
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Trypanosoma brucei |
Hemoflagellate, Order Kinetoplastida, Section Salivaria Africa ~2.5x size of red blood cell. Has a lot of "stuff"/organelles in body. Trypomastigote in vertebrate, epimastigote in insect. Three subspecies: 1. T. brucei brucei: causes Nagana in livestock Vector: Tsetse fly: Glossina sp. Severe pathology 2. T. brucei rhodesiense: causes acute African Sleeping Sickness in humans. Some reservoir hosts. Vector: Tsetse fly: Glossina sp. Trypomastigotes don't usually invade nervous system, but invade other organs - still can die in a matter of months. 3. T. brucei gambiense: causes chronic African Sleeping Sickness in humans. Vector: Tsetse fly: Glossina sp. Central nervous system invaded. |
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Stercoraria |
Hemoflagellates, Order Kinetoplastida The parasite utilizes a biting insect vector, but infective stages remain in the gut of the insect; the insect poops on the host's skin while feeding. Host then scratches wound and introduces parasite into the wound. Includes Trypanosoma cruzi & Trypanosoma lewisi |
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Trypanosoma cruzi
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Hemoflagellates, Order Kinetoplastida, Section Stercoraria Central & South America Causes Chaga's Disease in humans/mammals. Vector: Kissing bug, Fam Reduviidae Life cycle has trypomastigotes and epimastigotes, reservoir hosts important. ~The same size as a red blood cell. |
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Trypanosoma lewisi |
Hemoflagellates, Order Kinetoplastida, Section Stercoraria Worldwide distribution in Rattus sp. Vector: Rat flea Mild pathology. Trypomastigotes in blood. ~2.5x size of red blood cell, more transparent. kinetoplast distinct. |
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Leishmania donovani |
Hemoflagellate, Order Kinetoplastida Causes visceral leimaniasis Africa, India, & Middle East. Vector: Sand flies, Phlebotomus sp. (transmitted by injecting with bite) Promastigote stage in insect vector & amastigote in vert host. Intracellular parasite in vert host! (recall pictures of lysed macrophage cells with amastigotes spilling out) |
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Order Amphipoda |
Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea, Class Malocostraca Includes whale lice in family Cyamidae |
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Order Isopoda |
Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea, Class Malacostraca Includes Family Cymothoidae Family Entoniscidae Family Bopyridae |
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Family Cymothoidae |
Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea, Class Malacostraca, Order Isopoda Fish ectoparasite Relatively unmodified from free living Facultative castrators Include "tongue biters" Infective stage: manca larvae Females have marsupium where eggs are brood Eggs hatch and molt through stages 1-3 in marsupium |
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Family Bopyridae |
Ectoparasites or decapod crustaceans Two host life cycle with two infectious larval stages: Epicardium larvae infects copepods (IH) Cryptoniscus larvae infects decapods (DH) Dwarf males, large blob-like females Facultative castrators because they feed on the hemolymph and the host becomes resource depleted Most diverse group of isopod parasites: 605 spp. |
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Family Entoniscidae |
Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea, Class Malocostraca, Order Isopoda Endoparasites of crabs Highly modified Two host life cycle with epicardium (IH) and cryptoniscus larvae (DH) Adults in crab host- hemocoel castrator Females highly modified - vestigal limbs & loss of exoskeleton IH: copepod DH: crab |
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Shore crab dissection |
Host: Hemigraspus spp. (shore crab) Parasite: Portunion conformis, Family Entoniscidae (Order Isopoda) |
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Porcelain crab dissection |
Host: Pachycheles sp. Parasite: Apobopyrus oviformis, Family Bopyridae (Order Isopoda) |
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Family Pinnotheridae, Order Decapoda |
Pea crabs! Parasitic and commensalistic with bivalves. ex: sp Fabia |
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Amoebas/ Amoebazoa |
Direct life cycle, two life stages: Trophozoite: feeding, reproductive stage Cyst: Infective stage. Diagnostic stage. Have an endosome: diagnotic mass of chromatin in the nucleus. Include these species in the human gut: Entamoeba hystolytica Entamoeba coli Endolimax nana Iodamoeba buetschlii |
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Entamoeba histolytica |
Human Gut Amoeba Causes amoebic dysentery Mature cyst has four nuclei Chromatoidal bodies may be present In trophozoite, can see that endosome is in center of nucleus |
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Entamoeba coli |
Human Gut Amoeba Very high prevalence in humans, also found in primates Mature cysts have eight nuclei Have chromatoidal bodies Endosome off center in trophozoite |
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Endolimax nana |
Human gut amoeba Found in verts & inverts Endocommensal in human colon with high prevalence In mature cyst, four nuclei and no chromatid bodies In troph, large irregular endosome in nucleus Varies in shape - can be an oval |
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Iodamoeba buetschlii |
Human gut amoeba Endocommensal in gut of primates, humans, pigs. Low prevalence in humans, no pathology Cyst has one nucleus and a large glycogen vacuole Often irregular in shape |
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Glugea sp. |
In the Phylum Microsporidia Whirling disease in salmon fry. Even though can see it on the outside, it is intracellular and therefore endoparasitic. |
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Nosema apis |
Phylum Microsporidia Most common pathogen of adult honey bees and contributes to colony collapse. |
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Phylum Ciliophora |
Trophozoite: feeding stage, present within host. Cyst: produces tomites Tomites: motile, infective stage. Macronucleus & micronucleus. includes sp. Balantidium coli sp Ichthyophthirius multifiliis sp Trichodina sp. |
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Balantidium coli |
In Phylum Ciliophora Largest protozoan known to infect humans Parasite of pigs & other mammals Pathology can be severe, leads to dysentery Large, sausage shaped macronucleus and single micronucleus. Cytosome = anal pore looking structure. |
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Ichthyophthirius multifiliis ("ich") |
Phylum Ciliophora
Common parasite of freshwater fish. Severe outbreaks in aquariums. See white specs on fish - sand sized grains=pustules filled with trophozoites. In cyst, should be able to see c-shaped macronucleus but probably won't since it's impossible to see anything in this lab. |
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Trichodina sp. |
Phylum Ciliophora Parasites of fish, amphibians, and aquatic inverts. Basal disk contains a ring of denticles that facilitate attachment to the host. Low pathology. Prof says these are pretty. Note c-shaped macronucleus. Also saw slide with these attached to muscle. |
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Phylum Apicomplexa & Life cycle |
Begins with entrance of sporozoites into the host; these are contained in dessication-resistant structures called oocysts (or spores). Sporozoites are formed by sporogony, which is the meiotic asexual divisions of a zygote. Newly established sporozoites mature into trophozoites within the host. Trophozoites may differentiate into gamete-producing forms called gamonts. Gamonts undergo gamogony (mitotic asexual reproduction) to produce gametes. The gametes fuse to become zygotes. Only the zygote is diploid, all other life stages are haploid. Therefore, the gametocyst that formed in syzygy now contains many oocysts each formed from the fusion of a pair of gametes and each oocyst contains many sporozoites. Only one type of nucleus. Oocyst: infective stage. |
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Subclass Gregarinia |
Endoparasites of inverts. Oocyst: infective stage. Not pathogens. Typically do not undergo schizogony/merogony. |
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Pyxinia crystalligera |
Phylum Apicomplexa, Subclass Gregarinia Found in hide beetle in demo dissection. Separated into epimerite, protomerite, & deuteromerite (because it is a septatina gregarine) |
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Monocystis lumbrici |
Phylum Apicomplexa, Subclass Gregarinia Found in dissection of Earthworm - high prevalence in earthworms, low pathology. One of the largest acephaline gregarines. Early sporogony (zygote dividing into sporozoites) takes place in double walled gametocyst. 8 sporozoites in each oocyst. "hair" seen on trophozoites is earthworm sperm! |
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Syzygy |
In apicomplexan/ Gregarine life cycle, a pre sexual union between two gamonts. A gametocyst forms around them. The gametocyst will then undergo gamogony and produce gametes. |
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Schizogony/Merogony |
In a Coccidian apicomplexan life cycle. A series of asexual divisions the trophozoite go through to produce merozoites. The merozoites emerge from the host cell to infect healthy cells and initiate further cycles of this or become gamonts. Mitotic, intracellular. |
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Differences between Gregarine and Coccidian Life Cycle |
1. Coccidians undergo schizogony/ merogony 2. Coccidians produce male microgametocytes and female macrogametocytes in gamogony. Those then divide to create microgametes and macrogametes. |
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Class Coccidea |
Phylum Apicomplexa Typical life cycle includes -Merogony/Schizogony -Gamogony into micro & macrogamonts -Sporogony Includes Family Eimeridae Family Sarcocystidae |
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Family Eimeridae |
In Phylum Apicomplexa, Class Coccidea Direct life cycles 1:4:2 Oocyst : Sporocyst : Sporozoite ratio Includes Eimeria tenella In intestines of chickens, severe pathology Eimeria stiedae In bile duct & liver of rabbits |
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Family Sarcocystidae |
Phylum Apicomplexa, Class Coccidea Have intermediate hosts Have tachyzoites & bradyzoites 1:2:4 Oocyst : Sporocyst : Sporozoite ratio Includes Toxoplasma gondii Sarcocystis sp. |
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Toxoplasma gondii |
Phylum Apicomplexa, Class Coccidea, Family Sarcocystidae DH: Cats IH: many, includes mice & humans DH becomes infected through sporolated oocysts or bradyzoites Can be vertically transferred |
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Toxoplasma gondii lifecycle |
Tachyzoites Bradyzoites Zoitocyst Monocyte Invasion! Schizogony Indirect Life Cycle |
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Sarcocystis sp. |
Phylum Apicomplexa, Class Coccidea, Family Sarcocystidae DH: Carnivores IH: Herbivores DH only infected by bradyzoites Large irregular zoitocysts visible in IH muscle. Causes sarcocystiosis |
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Order Piroplasmida |
Phylum Apicomplexa, Class Aconoidasida Vectored by ticks - Boophillus sp. Reduced apical complex Diseases in cattle Include Babesia bigemina - Texas Cattle Fever In red blood cells Theileria parva - East Coast Fever in cattle |
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Order Haemosporida |
Phylum Apicomplexa, Class Coccidea Malaria! Diagnostic ring trophs Life cycle: Schizogony/ merogony: vert host Gamegony: vert host Fertilization/Zygote formation: Invert vector (so, invert vector technically=DH!) Sporogony: invert vector Vectored by Anopheles sp. |
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Plasmodium vivax |
Phylum Apicomplexa, Class Coccidea, Order Haemosporida 43% of cases Mostly in Asia Large ring trophs Shuffner's dots 48 hour schizogony cycles |
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Plasmodium falciparum |
Phylum Apicomplexa, Class Coccidea, Order Haemosporida Most dangerous form 50% of cases Small ring trophs Multiple infections per red blood cell possible Schizonts may have a rosette appearance Banana shaped gametocyte Asynchronous schizogony (approx 48 hours) |
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Plasmodium malaria |
Phylum Apicomplexa, Class Coccidea, Order Haemosporida 7% of cases No schuffner's dots Trophs may have band form Schizogony: 72 hour cycle |
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Sporozoite stage of Plasmodium |
Plasmodium stage |