Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is the phylum that Cestodes are in
|
Platyhelminthes
|
|
Name 4 basic facts about the class cestoda
|
Adults parasitize small intestines of vertebrates
larva parasitize invertebrates or vertebrates Both sexes are in the same individual tape some require several hosts to complete lifecycle |
|
what is the chain of a cestode called?
What is the reproductive unit called? |
chain is strobila
unit is segements or proglottids |
|
What is another term for the head of a cestode? what is the dome projection located on the head called?
|
a scolex(head)
The rostellum(on the head) |
|
what is located on the scolex?
|
four cups/suckers for attachement and locomotion
|
|
What is the first larva stage called and what does it consist of?
|
It is called a cysticercus. It consists of a head, neck and bladder
|
|
Cysticercus
|
A head(scolex)and a bladder (secretion recepticle)
|
|
Strobilocercus
|
a cysticercus that has already begun to elongate and segment while in the intermediate host
|
|
Coenurus
|
cosits of a single bladder containing many scolices each having the potential of developng into a mature tapeworm
|
|
Hydatid
|
a cyst with manay scolices which is either uniocular or multiocular
|
|
what is a Hydatid cyst and what parasite is it linked to?
|
E.granulosus. It is a single chambered uniocular cyst with a thick laminated outer layer surrounded by a host-derived fibrous tissue capsule
|
|
What is an Alveolar cyst and what parasite is it linked to?
|
E.multiocularis. multiocular cyst composed of multiple thin walled vesicles not surounded by a capsule. Since it is uncapsulated, it is free ro prgressivly expand into surrounding host tissues through its growth. resembles a highlt invasive and proliferative malignant neoplasm
|
|
how does the larval stage develop in the definative host and which segmanet is the pregnant segment?
|
when the larva develop in the definitive host, the bladder gets digested away and the scolex begins to bud segments
each segment is more mature then the one before it The most mature segment is know as the gravid proglottid (pregnant) and it is this segment that is filled with eggs |
|
the entire cestode parasite is serviced by one common what? (morphologically)
|
Osmoregulatory system
Nervous system Muscoskeletal system- moving in a cocoordinated effort with common muscle fibers found in each segment Digestive system- there are no digestive organs, instead nutrients are absorbed through the skin of the parasite |
|
Definitive hsot of Taenia pisiformis?
|
Dogs and other canids
|
|
Intermediate host for Taenia pisiformis
|
rabbits and rodents
|
|
waht is the feline version of taenia pisiformis
|
taenia taeniaformis
|
|
how big can t.pisiformis adults be?
|
200+ cm in length
|
|
What are the segments and scolex like on t.pisiformis worm
|
segments are reclamgular in shape with branched uterus filled with eggs and one genital pore
segments have a sluggish movement scolex has 4 suckers and a nonretractible rostellum with many rows of large hooks |
|
Taenia ova
|
Eggs are individually found, starburst in appearence, small and round in sixe with developing haxacanth embryo and thick shell (can be surrounded by a yolk cell)
|
|
taenia life cycle
|
a rabbit ingests the eggs
the egg hatches in the small intestine and the larval tape burrows through the intestinal wall and travels to the liver the cysicercus develops in the liver in 2-4 weeks When the dog eats the rabbit and ingests the cysticercus the scolex attaches to the small intestinal wall and the worm begins to bud prglottids Gravid prglottids, containing eggs, detach from the end of the worm and pass out in the feces |
|
definitive and intermediate host for Diplylidium caninum
|
D.host- dog, cat humans, fox
I.host- fles and lice |
|
how big can a d.canininum adult be?
|
up to 50 cm long
|
|
what are the scolex and segments like in a d.caninum adult
|
segments are cucumber seed shaped and oval with characteristically tapered ends
2 genital pores exist on either side of the segments and segments are activly motile Scolex has 4 suckers and a retractible rostellum armed with several circles of thorn-like hooks |
|
D.caninum ova
|
egg capsule which is very large in size and can contain 5-30 eggs inside
|
|
D.caninum life cycle
|
Very similar to taenia except the flea in the intermediate host and the dogs ingests the flea while biting at himself to scratch
D.caninum segments can be seen in the stool in about 3-4 weeks It is critical to treat the animal for fleas while treating for this tape or it will return |
|
Generic name
Praziquantel What does it treat? |
Trade name
Droncit All tapes |
|
Generic name
Praziquantel/Febantel what does it treat? |
Trade name
Drontal All tapes |
|
Generic name
Praziquantel/febantel/pyrantel pamoate |
Trade name
drontal plus All tapes |
|
Generic name
Epsirantel What does it treat? |
Trade name
Cestex All tapes |
|
Generic name
Fenbendazole What does it treat? |
Trade name
Panacur Taenia only |
|
Generic name
Niclosamide what is it used for? |
Trade name
Yomesan Used to treat human tapes |
|
Tape worm prevention
|
Find out the source of the problem
Prevent pets from ingesting the intermediate host Treat for fleas |
|
Echinococcus granulosus
size, # of segments, physical appearence |
2-6 mm long
3-5 segments gravid segment contains 5000 eggs gravid segment is 1/2 body length 4 suckers nonretractable rostelum w/2 rows of 32 hooks |
|
E.granulosus
definitive host intermediate host |
D.host- Dogs(wolves and coyotes)
I.host- Sheep (horse pigs mooses and other wild ungulates) |
|
Ecchinococcus multilocularis
Size, # of segments and general physical appearence |
1.2-3.7 mm long
3-5 segments gravid segment contains 500 eggs gravid segment is 1/2 body length genital pore(anterior to midline) 4 suckers nonretractable rostellum w/ 2 rows of 28 hooks |
|
E.multilocularis
definitive host Intermediate host |
D.host- Fox and coyote (cats dogs pigs)
I.host- Rodents (people) |
|
waht is the zoonotic status of E.granulosus and E.multilocularis
|
E.granulosus is a zoonotic parasite
E.multiocularis is an extremly zoonotic parasite |
|
What is the metacestode stage of E.granulosus?
|
it is a hydatid cyst. It contains thousands of tiny protiscolices. these cysts often mesure severl centimeters
they are single chambered, unilocular, hydatid cysts think laminated outer layer surrounded by a host derived fibrous tissue capsule |
|
what is the metacestode stage of E.multilocularis?
|
contains thousands of tiny protoscolices. these cysts often mesure several cm.
multichamered, multilocular hydatid cyst composed of multiple thin walled vesicles not surrounded by a capsule therefore, uncapsulated. it is free to progressivly expand into surrounding host tissue through growth resembles a highly invasive and prliferative malignant neoplasm |
|
What is the life cycle like of E.granulosus and E.multilocularis
|
Adults live in the small intestine and produce eggs
The intermediate host ingests ova which hatch and migrate to the lungs then liver and form a cyst, 5+ months the DH ingests the IMH. This will then free the cysts in the IMH and realease thousand of scolices into the DH body. They will pass through the stomach into the small intestine where the scolices will attach and grow into adults. They will begin to produce eggs about 28-49 days later and they will be passed into the feces and the cycle starts over |
|
Ova of echinococcus
|
Both E.multilocularis and E.granulosus are very hard to tell from each other and the taenis egg.
Ova are immediatly infectiv when they are passed into the enviroment they can remain infective in the enviroment for several months |
|
How does echinococcus affect the definitive and Intermediate hosts?
|
For both echinococcus species the definitive hst does not uaually get sick from the parasite.
Intermediate hosts that have a short life span will also not get sick from the cyst stage of the parasite because it takes a long time for it to develop Intermediate hosts with a long life span can become very sick from this parasite |
|
Hos can one diagnosis Echinococcus through a fecal test?
|
the proglottids are too small to see in a fecal
The eggs are too similar to Taenia to make a thourough diagnosis therefore, Echionococcus should be suspected in dogs or cats if they have taenia like eggs but there are NO visible segments in the fecal |
|
what tests other than a fecal are availible to diagnose echinococcus?
|
There is an ELISA test availible
there is another technique but it is very dangerous. One can make and animal purge using Arecoline hydrobromine, and filter the contents to examine for any parasites. Because this parasite is so zoonotic, it is very dangerous to use this technique |
|
What are the most common drugs used to treat echinococcus?
|
Praziquantel which is found in Droncit, drontal and rontal plus.
|
|
What is AHD and how does it affect humans?
|
AHD is caused by a tumor like or cyst like tapeworm larvae growing in the body. AHD usually involves the liver, but can spread to other organs of the body. Because the cysts are slow-growing, infection with AHD may not produce any symptoms for many years.
|
|
what are the symptoms of AHD in humans?
|
Pain or discomfort in the upper abdominal region, weakness and weight loss may occur as a result of the growing cysts. Symptoms may mimic those of liver cancer and cirrhosis of the liver
|
|
What is the treatment for AHD in humans?
|
Surgery is the most common form of treatment for AHD in humans although removal of the parasite mass is not always 100% effective. After the surgery, chemotheraputic medication may be necessary to keep the cyst from growing back
|
|
AHD in people
|
In people cysts do not contain scolices and are condidered sterile
Symptoms can occur from 10-15 years after the oringonal infection w/out surgery there is a 94% mortality rate W surgery there is a 10-14 % mortality rate |
|
Facsciola hepatica
|
sheep liver fluke
|
|
basick body type and shape of fasciola hepatica
|
1-5 cm by 8-13 cm
body is flat and oval shape with a cephalic cone containing the oral sucker |
|
Fasciola hepatica
Definitive host and intermediate host |
D host-sheep, cattle, people
I host-snails |
|
Name the life stages of fasciola hepatica
|
Egg
Miracidium Sporocyst Redia Cercaria Metcercaria Marita Adult |
|
Basic info about miracidium life cycle
|
ciliated larva inside egg
miracidium pushes out and swims for a suitable host dies in 24 hours if it doesn't find one bores into snail and looses ciliates covering forma a sporocyst in the gonad or digestive gland |
|
Basic info about sporocyst stage
|
contains germinal cells
each cell become a germinal ball each germinal ball develops into a redia |
|
Bacis info about redia stage
|
Grow until wall burts and then go into the tissue of snail
each germinal ball of 2nf generaton redia develops into a 3rd type of larva, the cercaria |
|
Basic info about the cercaria stage
|
tadpole like larva that swim
has certain adult organs leaves the redia through birth pore goes out of snails tissues into water lands on aquatic plant encysts on plant, looses tail becomes a metacercaria |
|
basic info about the metacercaria stage
|
this is the INFECTIVE stage
when ingested the metacercarial cyst is digested in the host ofs small intestine and becomes a marita |
|
basic info about marita and adult stage
|
young flukes penetrate the wall of intestine
go into the liver enter bile ducts mature into adult fluke |
|
What is acute fascioloasis?
|
common in sheep and cattle not humans
occurs when a large number(10,000) metacercaria are ingested at once causes death with that many in the liver liver capsule may rupture if fewer are ingested(more common) then a fever and eosinophilia are seen |
|
What is chronic fascioliasis?
|
common in all host even in humans
this is rarely fatal but of economic importance In man can cause fever, mild jaundice, anemia and pain under right ribs Becuase these flukes are not used to having man as a host, they may get lost and end up in the lungs where they become encysted |
|
What is Black disease?
|
It is very fatal
it is a secondary infection due to bacterium Chlostridium oedematiens proliferating in necrotic lesion produced by the young larvae migrating in the liver the marita cause tracts which become infected with chlostridium bacteria |
|
how is Fasciola diagnosed?
|
Diagnosed through prsence of eggs in feces. Ova are very heavy
ELISA testing may be used for humans |
|
How is fasciola treated?
|
Drug therapy
Albendazole; valbazen Clurslon; curatrem Praziquantel(off label) |
|
sheep liver fluke
|
fasciola hepatica
|
|
chinese liver fluke
|
clonorchis sinensis
|
|
lancet liver fluke
|
cicrocoeliun dendriticum
|
|
human lung fluke
|
paragonimus westermani
|
|
salmon fever fluke
|
nanophyetus salmincola
|
|
blood flukes
|
schistosoma mansoni
|
|
farm animnal coccidia
|
emeria
|
|
bile duct gall bladder fluke of cats
|
platynosomum fastosum
|