Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
nomenclature numbers
|
meth-
eth- prop- but- pent- hex- hept- oct- non- dec- undec- dodec- |
|
|
|
Major uses of alkanes
1-2 carbons |
exist as gases
heating, cooking |
|
|
|
Major uses of alkanes
3-4 carbons |
Gases at room temperature and pressure but easily liquefied
lighter fluid |
|
|
|
Major uses of alkanes
5-8 carbons |
liquid, gasoline
|
|
|
|
Major uses of alkanes
9-16 carbons |
more viscous liquids
diesel, jet fuel, kerosene |
|
|
|
Major uses of alkanes
>16 carbons |
lubricants
|
|
|
|
Major uses of alkanes
up around 30 carbons |
asphalt
|
|
|
|
What happens at a refinery?
|
distillation, cracking
What is cracking? |
larger to smaller molecules, breaking them apart with or w/out H
|
|
|
Combustion makes up
|
70% of US electricity
reaction? |
alkyl group + O2 --> CO2 + H2O + heat
|
|
|
What is halogenation?
|
the reaction of alkanes with halogens (usually F, Cl, Br), in the presence of heat or light
What does it make? |
products with halogen atoms replacing hydrogen atoms on the molecule
|
|
|
torsional strain
|
experienced when electrons of bonds are too close to each other
In which structure is this highest? lowest? |
highest = eclipsed
lowest = staggered |
|
|
steric strain
|
experienced when larger groups are crowding each other
Three other things to know? |
Molecule must be larger than butane
Anti-conformation minimizes strain (most of the time) Still have torsional strain in large molecules |
|
|
(totally) eclipsed
|
0°, both torsional and likely steric strain, least stable
|
|
|
|
gauche
|
60°, minimizes torsional strain b/c type of staggered conformation, still some steric strain
|
|
|
|
eclipsed
|
120°, torsional strain is bad but sterics not so bad
|
|
|
|
anti
|
180°, minimizes both torsional and steric strain
|
|
|
|
Steric vs. torsional strain memory tool
|
steric = molecules in steerage - large groups really crowded there
torsional = torture being too near |
|
|
|
smallest cyclic compound
|
cyclopropane
|
|
|
|
sp3 bonds in cyclic compounds want to be at...
|
109.5°, thus strain experienced with rings of 3 and 4, 5 and 6 pretty good
|
|
|
|
less stable cyclohexane conformations
|
half chair (foot rest straight out)
skew/twist boat (least stable most of the time, skews to minimize steric strain) |
|
|
|
methylene group
|
—CH2—
|
|
|
|
methine group
|
—CH—
l |
|
