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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
All carbonyl compounds contain an ___ group (R-C=O) bonded to another substituent
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acyl
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The acyl group in an aldehyde or ketone is bonded to an atom (H or C) that ___ ______ a negative charge and therefore _____ act as a _____ group in a _____ ________ reaction
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can't stabilize
can't leaving nucleophilic substitution |
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The acyl group in a carboxylic acid or its derivative is bonded to an atom (O, S, N, halogen, etc.) that ____ ______ a negative charge and ___ act as a leaving group in a ______ ______ reaction
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can stabilize
can nucleophilic substitution |
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Family A carbonyl compounds
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aldehydes, ketones
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Family B carbonyl compounds
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carboxylic acids, acid halides, anhydrides, esters, amides, etc.
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The reactions of carbonyl compounds can take place by four mechanisms:
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nucleophilic addition, nucleophilic acyl substitution, alpha substitution, and carbonyl condensation
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The most common reaction of aldehydes and ketones is the:
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nucleophilic addition reaction (Nucleophile adds to electrophilic carbon of carbonyl group)
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During reduction of family A carbonyl compounds, the nucleophile that adds to the carbonyl group is a _____ ion, while during a grignard reaction, the nucleophile is a ______.
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hydride (H-), carbanion (R3C-)
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Aldehydes and ketones react with primary amines (RNH2) to form _____.
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imines (R2C=NR')
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Nucleophilic acyl substitution occurs only with ________ ____ derivatives rather than with aldehydes and ketones.
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carboxylic acids
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Alpha substitution results in the substitution of an alpha hydrogen by an electrophile through the formation of an intermediate called an _____ ___.
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enolate ion
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Carbonyl compounds react with ____ ____ to form enolate ions.
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strong base
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The fourth reaction of carbonyl groups, ________ ________, takes place when two carbonyl compounds react with each other.
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carbonyl condensation
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