Oral Comm (Models Of Communication)

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means a systematic description of a phenomenon or abstract process.

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model

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Types of Model of Communication

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1. Linear Model

2. Shannon-Weaver Model

3. Transactional Model

4. Speaker Centered Model

5. Jakobson's Model

6. Wilbur Schramm's Model

7. pLasswell Model

8. Stimulus-Response Model

9. SMCR Model

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Communication is seen as proceeding in a straight line or straight path. It is one-directional, which means that information from a sender is conveyed directly to the receiver. This means that thetransmission of message starts from an ACTIVE SENDER and ends with the PASSIVE RECEIVER.

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Linear Model

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In 1948, Shannon, an American mathematician and electronic engineer and Weaver, an American scientist joined together to write an article in the Bell System Technical Journal called A MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF COMMUNICATION and formed a new model of communication called Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication. Known as the mother of all communication models, it depicts communication as a linear or one-way process

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Shannon-Weaver Model

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5 elements of Shannon-Weaver Model

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1. source (producer of message);

2. transmitter (encoder of message into signals);

3. channel (signals adapted for transmission);

4. receiver (decoder of message from the signal); and a

5. destination.

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This model, developed in the 1970s by Dean Barnlund, shows communication as occurring continuously and simultaneously between or among people. Unlike the Shannon-Weaver Model, which is a one-way process, the transactional model is a two-way process in which participants are constantly sending and receiving messages with the inclusion of feedback as one element.

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Transactional Model

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A linear model of communication and considered as the first model of communication proposed before 300 B.C.

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Speaker's Speaker Centered Model

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Elements of Aristotle's Model of Communication

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Speaker – The Aristotle’s communication model is a speakercentered model as the speaker has the most important role in it and is the only one active.

Speech – It is the speaker’s role to deliver a speech to the audience. The role of the audience is passive, influenced by the speech.

Occasion – The speaker must organize the speech beforehand, according to the target audience and situation (occasion).

Audience and Effect – The speech must be prepared so that the audience can be persuaded or influenced by the speech.

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Aristotle has given three elements that MUST BE PRESENT in a good communicator or public speaker. These elements are related to each other and they reinforce the other elements.

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• ETHOS – Ethos is the characteristic which makes a speaker credible in front of the audience.

• PATHOS – If what the speaker says matters to the audience and they can connect with it, the audience will be more interested and they will think the speaker is more credible.

• LOGOS – Logos is logic. People believe only if they understand what the speaker is trying to say.

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A linguistic model of interpersonal communication outlined in 1960 by Roman Jakobson. It HIGHLIGHTS THE IMPORTANCE OF CODES AND SOCIAL CONTEXTS involved in communication

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Jakobson's Model

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Six components of Jakobson's Model

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*Addresser – the sender of the message.

*Addressee – the receiver of the message.

*Context – the situation in which the message was given.

*Message – the idea to be expressed. *Contact – the channel through which the message passes.

*Code – the form of the message.

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six components each had to do with six functions of language which he enumerated as referential, emotive, conative, phatic, metalingual, and poetic.

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REFERENTIAL - Context

EMOTIVE - Addresser

CONATIVE - Addressee

PHATIC - Contact

METALINGUAL - Code

POETIC - Message

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In 1954, Wilbur Schramm, an American scholar, proposed that encoding or the act of transforming a message into a verbal or nonverbal medium, and decoding or the act of interpreting the message are simultaneously done by both the speaker and the listener.The model illustrates the communication process by two circles that represent the accumulated experience of two individuals who are engaged in communication; and where the two circles do not meet there has been no common or shared experience.

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Wilbur Schramm Model

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is everything that makes a person unique – everything he/she has ever learned, watched, seen, heard, read, and studied.

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Field of Experience

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This model was developed by communication theorist Harold D. Lasswell in 1948. Lasswell’s communication model has five components which are used as an analysis tool for evaluating the communication process. According to Lasswell, “a convenient way to describe an act of communication is to answer the following questions:

a) Who

b) Says What

c) In Which Channel

d) To Whom

e) With What Effect

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The Lasswell Model

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Lasswell Model analysis etc.

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*Who (Control Analysis) – refers to the communicator who FORMULATES the message.

*What (Content Analysis) – is the CONTENT of the message

*Channel (Media Analysis) – indicates the MEDIUM of transmission

*Whom (Audience Analysis) – describes either an INDIVIDUALRECIPIENT OR THE AUDIENCE of mass communication

*Effect (Effect Analysis) – is the OUTCOME of the message

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This model posits that effects are specific reactions to specific stimuli, so that one can expect and predict a close correspondence. The MAIN ELEMENTS in this model are

a) message (stimulus, S);

b) receiver (organism, O); and

c) effect (response, R).

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Stimulus-Response Model

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In 1960, David K. Berlo published El Proceso de la Communicacion (The Process of Communication) in which he described his SMCR model of communication. He described factors affecting the individual components in the communication making the communication more efficient. The model also focuses on encoding and decoding which happens BEFORE THE SENDER GIVES OUT THE MESSAGE and BEFORE THE RECEIVER ACCEPTS THE MESSAGE RESPECTIVELY.

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SMCR Model

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is the sender of the message or the one from whom the message originates. The following are the factors related to the sender which is also the same in the case of the receiver

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Source

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Factors related to the sender

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§ COMMUNICATION SKILLS – Communication skills of a person is a factor that affects the communication process. If the sender has good communication skills, the message will be communicated better than if the sender’s communication skills are not good.

§ ATTITUDE – The attitude of the sender and the receiver creates the effect of the message.

§ KNOWLEDGE – Knowledge on the subject matter makes the communicator send the message effectively.

§ SOCIAL SYSTEMS – Values, beliefs, laws, rules, religion and many other social factors affect the sender’s way of communicating the message.

§ CULTURE – Cultural differences make messages different.

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substance that is being sent by the sender to the receiver. The key factors affecting the ____ are the following:

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Message

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Message factors etc

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§ Content – Content is the whole message from beginning to end. § Elements – Elements are nonverbal acts that tag along with the content like gestures, signs, language, etc.§ Treatment – Treatment is the way the message is received by the receiver. Treatment also affects the feedback of the receiver.§ Structure – The structure of the message or the way it has been structured or arranged affects the effectiveness of the message.§ Code – Code is the form in which the message is sent. It might be in the form of language, text, video, etc.

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the medium used to send the message. In general communication, the five senses of a human being are the channels for the communication flow

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Channel

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factors of channel etc.

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§ Hearing – The receiver receives the message through hearing.

§ Seeing – People perceive through seeing. They also get nonverbal messages by seeing.§ Touching – Many of the nonverbal communication happens from touching like holding hands.§ Smelling – People collect information from smelling.

§ Tasting – Taste also provides the information to be sent as a message.

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is the person gets the message sent in the process.

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Reciever