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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
active transport
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method of transporting material that requires energy
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amphiphilic
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molecule possessing a polar or charged area and a nonpolar or uncharged area capable of interacting with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic environments
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antiporter
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transporter that carries two ions or small molecules in different directions
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aquaporin channel
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protein that allows water through the membrane at a very high rate
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carrier protein
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membrane protein that moves a substance across the plasma membrane by changing its own shape
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caveolin
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protein that coats the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane and participates in the process of liquid update by potocytosis
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channel protein
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membrane protein that allows a substance to pass through its hollow core across the plasma membrane
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clathrin
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protein that coats the inward-facing surface of the plasma membrane and assists in the formation of specialized structures, like coated pits, for phagocytosis
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concentration gradient
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area of high concentration adjacent to an area of low concentration diffusion passive process of transport of low-molecular weight material according to its concentration gradient
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electrochemical gradient
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gradient produced by the combined forces of an electrical gradient and a chemical gradient
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electrogenic pump
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pump that creates a charge imbalance
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endocytosis
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type of active transport that moves substances, including fluids and particles, into a cell
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exocytosis
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process of passing bulk material out of a cell
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facilitated transport
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process by which material moves down a concentration gradient (from high to low concentration) using integral membrane proteins
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fluid mosaic model
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describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, glycoproteins, and glycolipids (sugar chains attached to proteins or lipids, respectively), resulting in a fluid character (fluidity) |
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glycolipid
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combination of carbohydrates and lipids
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glycoprotein
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combination of carbohydrates and proteins
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hydrophilic
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molecule with the ability to bond with water; “water-loving”
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hydrophobic
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molecule that does not have the ability to bond with water; “water-hating”
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hypertonic
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situation in which extracellular fluid has a higher osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell, resulting in water moving out of the cell
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hypotonic
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situation in which extracellular fluid has a lower osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell, resulting in water moving into the cell
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integral protein
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protein integrated into the membrane structure that interacts extensively with the hydrocarbon chains of membrane lipids and often spans the membrane; these proteins can be removed only by the disruption of the membrane by detergents
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isotonic
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situation in which the extracellular fluid has the same osmolarity as the fluid inside the cell, resulting in no net movement of water into or out of the cell
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osmolarity
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total amount of substances dissolved in a specific amount of solution
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osmosis
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transport of water through a semipermeable membrane according to the concentration gradient of water across the membrane that results from the presence of solute that cannot pass through the membrane
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passive transport
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method of transporting material through a membrane that does not require energy
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peripheral protein
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protein found at the surface of a plasma membrane either on its exterior or interior side; these proteins can be removed (washed off of the membrane) by a high-salt wash
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pinocytosis
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a variation of endocytosis that imports macromolecules that the cell needs from the extracellular fluid
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plasmolysis
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detaching of the cell membrane from the cell wall and constriction of the cell membrane when a plant cell is in a hypertonic solution
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potocytosis
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variation of pinocytosis that uses a different coating protein (caveolin) on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane
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primary active transport
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active transport that moves ions or small molecules across a membrane and may create a difference in charge across that membrane
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pump
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active transport mechanism that works against electrochemical gradients
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receptor-mediated endocytosis
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variation of endocytosis that involves the use of specific binding proteins in the plasma membrane for specific molecules or particles, and clathrin-coated pits that become clathrin-coated vesicles
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secondary active transport
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movement of material that is due to the electrochemical gradient established by primary active transport
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selectively permeable
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characteristic of a membrane that allows some substances through but not others
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solute
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substance dissolved in a liquid to form a solution
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symporter
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transporter that carries two different ions or small molecules, both in the same direction
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tonicity
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amount of solute in a solution
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transport protein
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membrane protein that facilitates passage of a substance across a membrane by binding it
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transporter
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specific carrier proteins or pumps that facilitate movement
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uniporter
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transporter that carries one specific ion or molecule
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