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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name 5 problems with rational decision making |
Inattentional blindness Illusion of introspection Lack of information Will power is bounded Self-interest is bounded |
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Name four characteristics of charismatic leaders |
Vision and articulation Personal risks Sensitivity to follower needs Unconventional behavior |
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Why are succesfull leaders often over or underestimated? |
Fundamental attribution error |
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Succesful leaders score high on self monitoring. But what is it? |
the sensitivity to social cues and adjusting behavior accordingly. |
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With what experiment can self-control be measured? |
the Marshmallow experiment. |
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What does the least preferred co-worker scale made by Fielder and his contingency model measure? |
To what extent people are task or people oriented and if this is related to likeness |
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What scale measures the relationship between leader and member which is really important according to leader-member exchange theories? |
Scandura's scale |
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Name all six phenomenons that can occur whendriven by heuristics, the opposite of rational decision making |
Availability heuristic Regression to the mean (Rookie Slump) Overconfidence bias (better than average) Dunning-Kruger effect Hindsight bias Sunk costs |
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Explain how the hindsight bias works. |
Need for closure (need to see world as predictable) Cognitive explanation (selective attention) And this could be driven by need for positive view of self |
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Name three games that can be used to measure fairness |
Ultimatum game Third party punishment game Money burning game |
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Explain the money burning game and what researchers found |
a group of four people can earn money in a betting game,however, some players started wealthier than others at the beginning. Everyone can choose to‘burn’ money from someone else by paying for it. 2/3 of participants engaged in burning and almost half of total winnings got burned |
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Name three types of distributive justice |
Equality principle Equity principle Need principle |
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What distributive justice is applied when dealing with others? And what principle if we deal with persons we know? |
Others: Equity People we know: equality/ need |
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What must organizations apply to increase perceived procedural justice amongst employees? |
Voice-effect: make sure employees can give opinion |
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Why do participants in a experiment not see the injustice of someone getting fired for wrong reasons? |
The belief in a just world or system justification. If it works like this, it must be fair. |
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What is the theory called that describes we are risk-aversed when winning and risk seeking when losing? |
Prospect theory |
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Name all five moral values |
Fairness Purity Care Respect Loyalty |
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According to which theory are people motivated to steal up to an 'activation threshold' with which they can maintain a positive self-concept? |
Theory of self-concept maintenance |
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What five factors influence the activation threshold as mentioned by the theory of self-concept maintenance? |
Increased attention to standards (signing a honor code) Use of language euphemism Categorization (not steel money) Social influence, driven by social norms and social learning Impression management (to what extent somebody still tries to hide cheating) |
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What three measures could be taken to decrease unethical behavior in an organization? |
Avoid loss frames (think about Chinese disease problem) Make people aware of moral values (mirror increases moral hypocrisy: when not following own moral rules) Increase time between decision and enactment |
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What test can be used to measure creativity? |
The brick test |
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Does dishonesty correlate with creativity? |
Yes |
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Which 7 factors influence creativity? |
Individual differences Motivation (intrinsic or extrinsic) Mood (arousal) Own choice/ ownership Incubation period (Mind wandering/ REM) Type of focus (promotion focus vs prevention focus) Thinking style (intuitive focus vs rational focus) |
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Name three problems with group decision making |
Confirmation bias (tend to confirm existing beliefs) Polarization Group think (keeping harmony) |
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What drives group polarization? |
Informational influence (rational; receiving of even more confirming info for your decision) Normative influence (following norm of others to be liked by others) |
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What are 4 solutions of group polarization? |
Introduce conflict Exchange more information (hidden profile paradigm) Encourage criticism by debating, instead of brainstorming Devil's advocate |
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Name five management styles |
Avoiding Competing Compromising Accomodating Collaborating |
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What could be considered the worst management style and why? |
Competing; it causes most relationship conflicts and least satisfaction in decision making |
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Name two types of bargaining |
Distributive bargaining Integrative bargaining |
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Name 6 factors that influence level of bargaining |
Anchoring (making the first offer) Confidence Mimicry Emotions (anger and disappointment) Reputation Gender |
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The level of displayed mimicry by individuals depends on... |
In(ter)dependent self-construal |
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What reputation leads to best bargaining and why? |
Being nice and reasonable. Opponent will use more integrative tactics (instead of distributive; walking away, get angry) |
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Females are shown better in bargaining when... |
Bargaining for another (no backlash effect) After training |
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What phenomenon can explain the difference of people's decisions between an opt-in and opt-out system (as the system for donors) |
Change resistance |
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Name four advantages of gossip for organizations |
Gaining individual influence Groups cohesiveness Maintaining values and norms Protecting group from harmful behavior (Public Goods Game) |
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What 3 phenomenons holds us from communicating effectively? |
Judgment error (using own perspective) Curse of knowledge (never a clean sheet) Truth bias (we cant spot lies; we judge lies as truth more often than other way around) |
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Name all 6 leadership styles |
Autonomous Participative Humane-oriented Self-protective Charismatic Team oriented |
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Which 3 leadership style seems to work best for anglo countries? |
Charismatic Participative Humane-oriented |
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Name four functions for 'organizational cultures' |
Coordination Integration (shared id) Motivation (shared id) Control |
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Organizational cultures differ from each other on many aspects. Name three aspects that con be considered as very different between Googleplex and court |
Process oriented (court) vs. Results oriented Tight control (court) vs. Loose control Normative (court) vs. pragmatic |