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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does the difference in temperature between arteries and veins in the goose's legs indicate |
Minimizing the temperature difference between the feet and the abdomen means the goose will loose less heat |
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Tissues are composed of cells, and tissues functioning together make up |
Organs |
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Blood is best classified as a connective tissue because |
its cells can be separated from each other by an extracellular matrix |
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An ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because |
the ectotherm invests little energy in temperature regulation |
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Non-shivering thermogenesis is associated with |
"all of these" brown fat, no ATP production, hibernating species, and newborns/cold adapted small animals |
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Dr. Wigglesworth did not see molting in decapitated bloodsucking bugs if they were beheaded 1 hour after a blood meal. Why didn't those bugs molt |
"none of the above" |
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Substance X is secreted by one cell, travels a short distance through interstitial fluid, and produces an effect in a cell immediately adjacent to the original secreting cell. What is substance X |
Paracrine |
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A cell that contains proteins enabling a hormone to selectively bind to its cell membranes outer surface is a... |
target cell |
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The hormone mentioned in the previous question must be |
hydrophilic |
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the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary by menas of |
releasing hormones |
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which of the following shows both endocrine and exocrine functions |
pancreas |
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blood samples taken from someone who has ben fasting (= not eating) for 24 hours would have |
"both b and c" low levels of insulin AND high levels of glucagon |
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which of the following hormones is secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to stress and promotes the synthesis of glucose from non carbohydrate substrates |
cortisol |
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which of the following is the most likely explanation for a goiter in a patient whose iodine level is normal |
autoimmune stimulation of TSH receptors |
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Type II diabetes develops due to |
down regulation of insulin receptors |
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most of the neurons in the human brain are |
interneurons |
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for a neuron with an initial membrane potential at - 70mv, an increase in the movement of potassium ions out of the neuron's cytoplasm would result in |
hyper polarization of the neuron |
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action potentials move along axons |
more rapidly in myelinated than in non myelinated |
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saltatory conduction is a term applied to |
"none of the above" |
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the steps of signal transmission at a chemical synapse |
iii-ii-v-i-iv iii. an action potential depolarizes the membrane of an axon terminal ii. calcium ions rush into the neuron's cytoplasm v. the synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft i. neurotransmitter binds with receptors on postsynaptic membrane iv. the chemically-gated ion channels open |
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the membranes permeability to Na ions is at its max at label.. |
B |
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the min graded depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated Na channels is indicated by the label... |
A |
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neurotransmitters categorized as inhibitory are expected to |
hyper polarize the membrane |
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the blood flows directly from a respiratory organ to body tissue in |
fishes |
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damage to the sinoatrial node in humans |
would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions |
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average blood pressure is lowest in |
capillaries OR (also accepted) Veins |
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which of the following is correct for a blood pressure reading of 130/80 measured with a sphygmomanometer |
?? |
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which of the following would likely cause vasoconstriction of arterioles leading to the peripheral capillary beds |
"both b and d" acute stress and temperatures below the thermal neutral zone |
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air rushes in the lungs of humans during inhalation because |
the rib muscles and diaphragm contract |
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which blood vessel has these characteristics: Outer layer of connective tissue, a thick layer of smooth muscle with elastic fibers, no valves |
artery |
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which of these chemicals associated with blood clotting are listed in the proper sequence of occurrence |
prothrombin/fibrinogen, clotting factors, thrombin, fibrin |
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blood flowing into the heart from the pulmonary veins |
enters left side, is oxygenated, will pass through the artioventricular valve next |
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countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize which of the following |
diffusion |
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why is the respiratory system of a bird more efficient than the human respiratory system |
the bird respiratory system does not mix "used" air with fresh air |
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breathing is usually regulated by |
CO2 and O2 concentration and pH level sensors |
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in an animal species known for endurance running rather than fast sprinting, which of the following would you expect |
high storage of oxygen in myoglobin of its muscles |
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the majority of waste C produced by cellular respiration is transported in the circulatory system |
as bicarbonate ions |
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sensors are an important part of any feedback system used to maintain homeostasis. The control of breathing rate depends primarily on sensors located on the brainstem where they monitor the ____ levels of the ____ |
CO2, cerebrospinal fluid |
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insects exchange gases with respired air |
in trachea |
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In humans venous blood has 20mm Hg partial pressure of O2 after exercise. If the duck and goose experience similar oxygen use during exercise, how will the total amount of oxygen released to the tissues by hemoglobin in the duck compare to that in the bar-headed goose |
equal amounts |
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the Q10 value tells us |
the change in the rate of enzymatic action as temperature changes |
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which of the following is not true about both the lungfish and amphibian circulatory and respiratory systems |
"none of the above" |
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for good cardiovascular health, total cholesterol levels in human blood should be ____ mg/dl, but ____ values could be twice as high as ______ values |
below 200, LDL, HDL OR (also accepted) below 200, HDL, LDL |
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Localized auto regulation of blood pressure in response to metabolic waste accumulation is an example of |
positive feedback |
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which of the following statements is correct |
domestic duck Hb has less oxygen affinity that the Hb of the other bird species shown |
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Unlike the graph in your book, these birds never achieve complete saturation of their hemoglobin under theses experimental conditions. Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for this VOIDED |
they were tested in a low O2 atmosphere |
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if we assume that the Y-axis reflects the number of O2 molecules that are bonded to a single hemoglobin molecule, approximately how many more molecules of oxygen are bonded to the bar headed goose hemoglobin at 30 mmHg compared to the duck |
1 |
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in lecture you learned that llamas have a hemoglobin affinity for oxygen similar to that of the bar-headed goose because they face similar selective pressure sin their native habitats. What other species did you learn about in lectures whose foraging behavior would help explain why the emperor penguin has the hemoglobin saturation curve shown above, rather than one more similar to the duck |
beaked whale |
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The majority of oxygen on earth is produced by |
cyanobacteria |
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which of the following is a true statement about "protists" |
The group contains monophyletic groups |
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An example of _____ tissue is ____ |
dermal; guard cells |
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****Which cell membrane proteins are used for generating root pressure |
Cl- ion symporters |
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the function of the flower is to ____ and the function of the fruit is to ___ |
attract pollinators; enhance seed dispersal |
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Naegleria fowleri, the zombie protist, is a eukaryote that infects brain tissue. It has mitochondria that may have been acquired by secondary endosymbiosis. It must belong to... VOIDED |
Excavates |
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Of the forces that drive water up a plant, which of them is the strongest |
Evapotranspiration |
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which of the following is true about the amount of biodiversity on earth |
numbers of species are influences by physical changes in earth |
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a shared derived character is called a ____, and an example of _____ is convergent evolution |
synapomorphy; homoplasy |
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for angiosperms, an advantage to spending the majority of their life cycle as a diploid sporophyte is that |
most of their life they have 2 copies of their genes |
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One of the defining features of Domain Archaea is VOIDED |
the presence of a phospholipid monolayer |
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the features of eukaryotes that allowed them to diversify include |
"A, B, and C only" Multicellularity, acquisition of membrane bound organelles and evolution of sexual reproduction |
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to grow in length, plants use |
apical meristem |
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****The megaspore mother cell is part of the multicellular ____ phase of the angiosperm life cycles and it produces ____ by meiosis |
diploid; spores |
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*****If you were building a phylogeny with really old fossils and species that are currently still living, the type of date that you would be able to use for both is |
morphological data |
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if a caterpillar were to bite into the leaf of a plant, the saliva of the caterpillar will do which of the following |
simulate a signal tranduction pathway |
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Cecillia has been looking at a sample of pond water and sees a eukaryote with two flagella, one of which is hairy. which of the following clades does this eukaryote belong to |
stramenopiles |
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in a prokaryotic biofilm it is unlikely to find |
a single solitary individual bacterium |
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biodiversity can be described using |
"any of these" genetic variation, species richness, community composition, or variation in ecosystems |
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Stomata first arose in which of the land plants |
mosses |
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when conjugation occurs in protists, it serves what function |
to generate genetic variation |
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in phloem loading, water will move into sieve tube elements via ____, but only after sucrose is ___ transported into the sieve tube element |
osmosis; activley |
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Pollination occurs when ____ and fertilization occurs when ____ |
pollen touches the stigma; sperms fuses with an egg |
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***Flowereing plants originated in the ____ Era and diversified in the ____ era |
Mesozoic; cenozoic |
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which of the following shows the correct order of the eras from most recent to oldest |
Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic, Precambrian |
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In order for a flowering plant to undergo double fertilization |
one sperm cell fertilizes the egg and another fertilizes the polar nuclei |
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which of the following lifestyles is not observed in Domain Bacteria |
"all of these occur" Chemoautotrophy, Photoautotrophy, chemoheterotrophy, and photoautotrophy |
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*** which of the following is an example of a mechanical defense plants use against herbivores |
trichomes |
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T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 1 A T G G A 2 A T G A A 3 A C G A G 4 A C C A G Which traits are informative |
2, 3, 5 |
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in the evolution of eukaryotes, endosymbiosis occurred |
once for mitochondria and at least twice for chloroplasts |
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In order to regulate transpiration, plants open and close their stomata. In what order do the following processes occur to close the stomata |
iv-iii-ii-vi iv. a proton pump pumps inside the guard cell iii. K+ ions move down the electrochemical gradient through an ion channel ii. H+ and Cl- ions move out of the guard cell through a symport vi. water moves out of the guard cell |
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The reason we cannot add viruses to a phylogeny of all living things is that viruses |
lack cells and do not maintain their own internal environment |
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one of the differences between angiosperms and gymnosperms is that angiosperms have ____, but gymnosperms do not |
"C and D" Flowers and Fruit |
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which of the following statements is not true of gymnosperms |
they are the sister group to non vascular plants |
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one of the reasons that atmospheric composition of oxygen has increase is |
the evolution of photosynthetic living things |
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which of the following is not an application for which phylogenies can be used |
pinpointing when species went extinct |
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gram-positive bacteria will always have |
a thick peptidoglycan cell wall |
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****Which of the following is NOT an ecological role of protists |
fixation of nitrogen |
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which of the following is NOT a way that land plants cope with the problem of water loss |
lignin is xylem cells |
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an example of a double stranded DNA virus is |
chicken pox |
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when seeds are exposed to water and begin germination, Gibberellins activate enzymes to break down the seed endosperm. In this example, Gibberellins are an example of |
a plant hormone |
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which of the following occurred first, the origin of vascular plants or the Mesozoic Era |
Vascular plants |
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which of the following is the advantage of having vascular tissue |
"A and B" to control transport of water, and to support against gravity |
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in plants, chloroplasts were likely descendants of ____ and mitochondria are descendants of ____ |
cyanobacteria; proteobacteria |
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which of the following data types CANNOT be used to build phylogenies |
"all of these can be used" shared morphological features in fossils, similar RNA sequences in viruses, similar DNA sequences in prokaryotes, and shared behavioral characteristics of animals |
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if saber-toothed cat fossils were found in sedimentary rock, evidence of an earlier origin of the cats would be found |
in deeper sedimentary rock layers |
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when using phylogeny to define taxonomic groups, a taxonomists would name groups that are |
monophyletic |
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the group within Domain Bacteria that has the most described species is |
proteobacteria |
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If an animal has a pseudocoelom, it must also |
have three germ layers |
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The ultimate source of energy in an ecosystem is |
the sun |
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mollusks with different body plans share which of the following features (even if modified) |
"all of the above" mantle, shell, radula, and foot |
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in general, "knock out experiments" like that performed to investigate pheromones and behavior in mice tell researchers |
behavior is influenced by genes |
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***The sister group to animals is |
choanoflagellates |
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The goal of conservation biology is to |
maintain biodiversity while still allowing human interaction |
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species richness measure |
total number of species in a community |
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Fish like bass are at a high risk of predation as eggs, but have less predation risk later in life. They probably have which survivorship curve |
Type II |
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*** The animal clade with the most species is |
Protostomes |
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The function of the echinoderm water vascular system is to |
move the tube feet |
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which of the following is NOT an interaction that has a positive effect on one species, but a negative effect on a second species |
competition |
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Cecilia is doing a research project on eutrophication in the Gulf of Mexico. She observes an increase in density of algae in her study area. eutrophication directly influences which of the following |
the nitrogen cycle |
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insects use ____ to transport oxygen |
"A and B" Trachea and Tracheoles, and Spiracles |
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Why do we describe energy as "flowing" through an ecosystem, but carbon as cycling through an ecosystem |
energy is lost when transferred between organisms, but carbon is not lost from the ecosystem |
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a difference between the two clades of protostomes (Ecdysozoans and Lophotrochozoans) is that only |
Ecdysozoans shed a cuticle |
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what is the evolutionary advantage of paired appendages |
Different appendages can be specialized |
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fields of applied biology like Conservation and Animal behavior use which of the following to ask questions |
"all or some of these" |
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which of the following statements about sponges is false |
they lack specialized cells |
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the advantage of an amniotic egg is that it |
has extraembyonic membranes that prevent the embryo from drying out |
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which of the following is an adaption that helped animals cope with living on land is correctly matched with its function |
Vertebrate scales; preventing water loss |
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**** ____ is a characteristic of animals, and ____ is a synapomorphy |
Heterotrophy and collagen |
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A common feature of all parasites is |
the presence of extensive reproductive organs |
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which of the following is NOT true about deuterostomes |
they have spiral cleavage |
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the most common type of dispersion of population is |
clumped |
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which of the following is NOT an adaption used for feeding in animals |
flagellated cells |
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A keystone species is |
a species that has a disproportionately large effect on others in a community |
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if iron is essential to living things, which of the following is likely to occur when the iron is removed from one of its normal compartments |
there will be effects on multiple biogeochemical cycles |
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population ecology measure features of |
members of a species that interact |
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you have identified an animals that is pentaradially symmetrical, but has larvae that are bilaterally symmetrical. this animal could be any of these except |
an acoelomate organism |
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digestion in fungo occurs by breaking down food |
outside the body |
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Organ systems first evolved |
after animals became diploblastic |
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***In a community, ____ are the group of decomposers that return CO2 to the atmosphere using their ____ |
fungi; hyphae |
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which of the following animals lacks an endoskeleton |
jelly fish |
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****Cecilia identified an aquatic animal that was brightly colored and poisonous. The evolution of these features was likely a consequence of which field of ecology |
community ecology |
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in a community, primary productivity decreases when ____ is reduced we expect to see a(n) ____ in community diversity |
on primary producer biomass; decrease |
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HOX genes code for |
transcription factors |
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If you eat a slice of a moldy loaf of bread that spends most of its lifecycle as asexual, you are eating |
zygomycota |
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when a researcher measure physiological changes in behavior that arise from exposure to a hormone they are examining |
proximate causes of behavior |
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Based on the graphs above, Chthalamus ______ the growth of Balanus and this is called ___ |
is limited by; competitive exclusion |
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In graph B, Chthalamus reaches a limited density even when Balanus is not present. The limitation of population size likely illustrates |
carrying capacity |
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for the x axis, "n" refers to normal levels of the variable and "e" refers to elevated levels of the variable. Even if the data is not significant, which of the following is suggested by the graph |
Elevated CO2 levels increase microbial abundance in wet environments |
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which of the following best represents the population size changes in Tasmanian Devil populations |
C |