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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Involves the acquisition of new knowledge, skills, or responses form experience that result in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner |
Learning |
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Something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism |
Unconditioned Stimulus |
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A reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus |
Unconditioned Response |
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A stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism |
Conditioned Stimulus |
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Reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus |
Conditioned Response |
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The phase when the unconditioned and conditioned stimuli are pushed together |
Acquisition |
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When the unconditioned stimulus had acquired its ability to produce learning from an earlier procedure in which it was used as a conditioned stimulus |
Second-Order Conditioning |
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The conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus, resulting in a decline of the learned response |
Extinction |
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The recover of learned responding, post-extinction, after a rest period |
Spontaneous Recovery |
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The conditioned response is observed even though the conditioned stimulus is slightly different from the original conditioned stimulus used in acquisition (expanding of a fear) |
Generalization |
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The capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli |
Discrimination |
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Requiring the subject to do something (to operate) to elements of the environment |
Instrumental Behaviors |
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Reinforcements from the environment |
Operant Conditioning |
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A reward is presented, encourages behavior |
Positive Reinforcement |
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Something unpleasant is removes, encourages behavior |
Negative Reinforcement |
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Something unpleasant is given, discourages behavior |
Positive Punishment |
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A reward is taken away, discourages behavior |
Negative Punishment |
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Food, shelter, and basic needs to survive |
Primary Reinforcers |
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Stimuli that derive their effectiveness from their association with primary reinforcers |
Secondary Reingorcers |
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Predicts that sometimes too much external reinforcement for performing an intrinsically rewarding task can undermine future performance |
The Over-Justification Effect |
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A particular response only occurs when the appropriate discriminative stimulus is present |
Stimulus Control |
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A stimulus that is associated with reinforcement for a particular behavior in a particular situation |
Discriminative Stimulus |
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Only some of the responses made are follower by reinforcement |
Intermittent Reinforcement |
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Reinforcers are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made |
Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule |
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A behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement |
Variable Interval (VI) Schedule |
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Reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made |
Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedule |
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The delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses |
Variable Ratio (VR) Schedule |
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Something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future |
Latent Learning |
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Mental representation of the physical features of the environment |
Cognitive Map |
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Someone whose behavior might serve as a guide for others |
Model |
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Occurs when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response |
Classical Conditioning |
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Learning that takes place by watching the actions of others |
Observational Learning |