Ocr Gateway B Biology B2

Front 1

How many Kingdoms are there?

Back 1

Five

Front 2

Living organisms are classified according to...?

Back 2

Shared characteristics

Front 3

Features of Protista

Back 3

Single-celled, have a nucleus, some have chloroplasts, no cell wall,organelles present.

Front 4

Feeding method of protista

Back 4

Photosynthesis or ingestion of other organisms or both.

Front 5

Movement of protista

Back 5

Move using flagella or cilia

Front 6

Features of Monera

Back 6

Single-celled, no nucleus, no chloroplasts, have a cell wall.

Front 7

Feeding method of Monera

Back 7

Absorb nutrients through the cell wall, or make their own.

Front 8

Movement of Monera

Back 8

May or may not move

Front 9

Features of Fungi

Back 9

Multicellular,have a nucleus, no chloroplasts, have a cell wall

Front 10

Feeding method of Fungi

Back 10

Acquire nutrients from material that decays.

Front 11

Movement of fungi

Back 11

No mechanism for movement

Front 12

Features of plants

Back 12

Multicellular, have a nucleus, chloroplasts and cell walls.

Front 13

Feeding Method for plants

Back 13

Need sunlight to make food by photosynthesis

Front 14

Movement of plants

Back 14

Most don't move

Front 15

Features of animal

Back 15

Multicellular, have a nucleus, no chloroplasts, no cell walls

Front 16

Feeding methods for animals

Back 16

Need nutrients by ingestion

Front 17

Movement of animals

Back 17

Using cilia, flagella or muscles

Front 18

Problems with classifying organisms

Back 18

Some can reproduce to hybrids, so they are not new species.

Evolution.

Asexual reproducing organisms.

Front 19

What do evolutionary trees display?

Back 19

Relationships between organisms in the kingdom

Front 20

What does Monera represent?

Back 20

Earliest group of organisms

Front 21

5 kingdoms are divided into..?

Back 21

Phyla

Front 22

Each phylum is divided into..?

Back 22

Classes

Front 23

Each class is divided into..?

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Orders

Front 24

Order divided into...?

Back 24

Families

Front 25

Each family into...?

Back 25

Genera/ genus

Front 26

Each genus into...?

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Species

Front 27

Example of a binomial name.

Back 27

Home sapiens

Front 28

Species who vary in habit may have...

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Evolved

Front 29

What is it called when a species gains a characteristic from an ancestor?

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Inherited

Front 30

Organisms with similar characteristics can be evolved from..?

Back 30

Adapting to environment

Front 31

What is artificial classification?

Back 31

Observed characteristics designed for a purpose

Front 32

What is natural classification?

Back 32

Use of natural relationships between organisms. E.g internal and external features.

Front 33

Organisms that are closely related have what...?

Back 33

A high degree of DNA sequencing

Front 34

List 4 invertebrates in the group arthropods?

Back 34

Crustacean

Insect

Arachnids

Myriapod

Front 35

What do arthropods all have In common

Back 35

Limbs with joints and exoskeleton

Front 36

Features of crustacean

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10 or more legs, antennae

Front 37

Examples of crustacean

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Crabs, lobsters

Front 38

Features of insects

Back 38

6 legs, antennae

Front 39

Example of insects

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Dragonflies

Front 40

Features of Arachnids

Back 40

8 legs. No antennae

Front 41

Examples of Arachnids

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Spiders, mites, scorpions

Front 42

Features of Myriapods

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8-750 legs. Antennae

Front 43

Examples of Myriapods

Back 43

Centipedes, millipedes

Front 44

What do food chains show?

Back 44

Transfer of energy from one organism to another

Front 45

Green plants absorb sunlight to make..?

Back 45

Glucose

Front 46

Why are green plants producers?

Back 46

Because they produce biomass during photosynthesis

Front 47

What are consumers?

Back 47

Organisms which feed of other organisms

Front 48

What is the trophic level?

Back 48

Position or stage that organism occupies in food chain, what it eats and what eats it

Front 49

What is lost at every trophic level?

Back 49

Biomass and energy

Front 50

What is lost from organisms faeces?

Back 50

Material and energy during egestion

Front 51

Energy is lost through...?

Back 51

Movement and respiration

Front 52

The length of foodchain depends on..?

Back 52

Efficiency of energy transfer

Front 53

If you know how much energy is stored in the living organism then use the calculation for efficieny...

Back 53

Energy efficiency= energy converted to biomass/ total energy taken in X 100

Front 54

Another form of food chain

Back 54

Food Web

Front 55

What is a pyramid of numbers for?

Back 55

To show the quantity of organisms at each stage in food chain

Front 56

What are th problems with pyramids of numbers?

Back 56

Some organisms may belong to more than one trophic level.

Measuring biomass is tricky to dry out and weigh of large organisms.

Front 57

What do pyramid of biomass do?

Back 57

Show dry mass of living material at each stage in chain.

Front 58

Where does a lot of biomass remain?

Back 58

In the ground as the root system

Front 59

Name 2 recycled elements

Back 59

Carbon and nitrogen

Front 60

Why does it take longer to recycle nutrients in a waterlogged or acidic soils?

Back 60

They lack oxygen for decomposes and acidic soil is not the best pH for decomposes.

Front 61

A constant recycle of carbon is called?

Back 61

Carbon cycle

Front 62

Where else is carbon recycled except in animals?

Back 62

The sea

Front 63

How much nitrogen is the air made up of?

Back 63

78%

Front 64

What is nitrogen used in the production of?

Back 64

Proteins

Front 65

Why can't animals and plants use nitrogen?

Back 65

It's unreactive

Front 66

List the process of nitrogen cycle

Back 66

Plants absorb nitrates from soil to make protein for growth.

Animals eat plants, using the nitrogen to make animal protein,feeding passes this on.

Dead animals and plants broken down by decomposes releasing nitrates back into soil.

Front 67

What is the job of nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

Back 67

Converts atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates in the soil

Front 68

The job of nitrification bacteria

Back 68

Converts ammonium compounds into nitrates in the soil.

Front 69

Denitrifying bacteria does?

Back 69

Converts nitrates and ammonium compounds into atmospheric nitrogen

Front 70

The size or distribution of a population can be affected by?

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How well organisms compete for limited resources

Front 71

What do animals and plants compete for?

Back 71

Animals- food, water,shelter, mates.

Plants- light,water and minerals

Front 72

Which competitor will get the most resources?

Back 72

Better adapted

Front 73

What determines the distribution and Abundance?

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Interdependence

Front 74

List the 2 types of competition

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Interspecific- individuals of different species compete for same resources in ecosystem.

Intraspecific - individuals from same species are competing for same resources.

Front 75

What do similar organisms compete to occupy?

Back 75

Ecological niche

Front 76

What is it called when population of a species decreases?

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Endangered

Front 77

What are predators?

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Animals that kill and eat other animals

Front 78

What is a prey?

Back 78

Animals that are eaten

Front 79

Cyclical fluctuations are?

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The varying numbers of each species

Front 80

What are organisms that live off other organisms?

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Parasites

Front 81

A host is?

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The organism parasites live off

Front 82

What is a mutualistic relationship?

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When two organisms form a relationship from which both organisms benefit.

Front 83

What are adaptations?

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Special features or behaviours that make organism particularly suited to environment.

Front 84

List adaptations to cold environments

Back 84

Being well insulated to reduce heat loss.

Having a small surface area to volume ratio to prevent heat loss.

Behavioural adaptations to help animals to survive cold temperatures

Front 85

Describe counter-current heat exchange systems using penguins

Back 85

Penguins have heat exchange blood flow to colder regions.

Warm blood enter feet and flippers flows past cold blood leaving feet and flippers and warms it up. The walmed up blood Re-enter the rest of the body and doesn't affect core temperature of body.

Front 86

Hot and dry environment adaptations

Back 86

Behavioural methods- finding shade, going out at night, shedding fur, panting, taking a swim.

Front 87

How do cacti cope In hot conditions?

Back 87

Long roots to reach water.

Thick waxy cuticle to reduce water loss.

Spines to reduce water loss and protect water stored in spongy layer from predators.

Front 88

How do camels adapt to dry environments?

Back 88

Body fat stored In hump, little insulation under skin.

Drinks many litres of water in one go and stores in blood.

Tolerates body temperature changes.

Hair-lined nostrils traps moisture in its breath before exhaled and moisture returned.

Front 89

What are extremophiles?

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Organisms Biochemically adapted to extreme conditions

Front 90

What is a specialist?

Back 90

Organism suited to certain habitats.

Front 91

What is a generalist?

Back 91

Can live in a range of habitats but can be out competed by other organisms.

Front 92

List Predator adaptations

Back 92

Built for speed

Camouflaged to avoid being spotted

Sharp teeth

Binocular vision

Hunting strategy

Fewer offspring

Front 93

List prey adaptations

Back 93

Built for speed

Camouflaged

Live In groups

Monocular vision

Breeding strategies

Mimicry

Front 94

Charles Darwins theory

Back 94

Animals and plants that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive. This theory is called natural selection

Front 95

What is evolution?

Back 95

Slow continual change of organisms to become better adapted to their environment. These arise through mutations

Front 96

Adaptations are controlled by?

Back 96

Genes and can be passed on to future generations.

Front 97

Peppered moths example

Back 97

Pale peppered moths are easily Camouflaged amongst the lichens on silver birch tree bark.

But dark moths are in areas of high pollution so the silver birch tree is discoloured by soot.

Front 98

Describe Lamarks theory

Back 98

Evolution happened by inheritance of acquired characteristics.

This was rejected due to not supporting evidence.

Front 99

Explain the term 'survival of the fitest'

Back 99

When an organism is better adapted to environment that are more likely to survive and produce offspring.

Front 100

Why Is human population increasing?

Back 100

Because birth rate is exceeding death rate

Front 101

Give an example of a finite resource

Back 101

Fossil fuels

Front 102

List 2 areas of pollution that are I greater amount

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Household waste and sewage

Sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide

Front 103

Consequences of a high demand for resources:

Back 103

Raw materials like oil are used up and minerals faster than they are made

Pollution and waste build up at alarming rates

Resources become in short supply, more expensive.

Front 104

Define the term ' carbon footprint '

Back 104

Amount of greenhouse gases a person or event is responsible for emitting in a given timescale. This depends on a lifestyle.

Front 105

What is and ozone?

Back 105

Natural gas found high in the earths atmosphere.

Front 106

What does the gas ozone do?

Back 106

Prevents many harmful Uv rays reaching earth.

Front 107

What are CFC'S?

Back 107

Chlorofluorocarbons

Front 108

Acid rain is caused by and what can it do?

Back 108

Burning fossil fuels. This can corrode metals, dissolving of limestone statues, destruction of forests, and lakes becoming acidic,killing fish, other wildlife

Front 109

What is the greenhouse effect?

Back 109

The atmosphere keeping the earth warm.

Front 110

The green house effect process

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Front 111

What are the organisms called that can evolve to resist effects of pollution?

Back 111

Indicator species

Front 112

Advantages of indicator species

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Front 113

Disadvantages

Back 113

Front 114

Advantages of using non-living methods

Back 114

Front 115

Disadvantages of using non-living methods

Back 115

Front 116

Describe sustainable resource

Back 116

One that came be used and replaced

Front 117

What is sustainable development?

Back 117

Ensuring of resources being used and maintained without comprising the needs of future generations.

Front 118

Resources can be sustained by...

Back 118

Replenishment

Restocking

Front 119

What are endangered species?

Back 119

Species that are in danger of becoming extinct unless something is done to prevent it.

Front 120

Survival of a plant of animal can be threatened by:

Back 120

Climate change

Destruction of habitats

Hunting

Increased competition

Pollutants

Front 121

How to protect endangered species?

Back 121

Educating people

Breeding in captivity

Protecting habitats

Artificial ecosystems

Legally protecting

Prohibiting hunting

Making seedbanks.

Front 122

What is a conservation programme?

Back 122

A protection scheme to benefit both humans and maintain a foodchain.

Front 123

What do conservation programmes play a role in?

Back 123

Protecting food supply for humans

Stabilising ecosystems

Studying and identifying plants

Protecting culture

Front 124

Causes of whale deaths?

Back 124

Becoming entangled on fishing nets and drowning.

Affected by Pollutants

Colliding with ships during migration

Effects of climate change

Culling and hunting.

Front 125

How can money be made from whales?

Back 125

Big tourist attraction

Dead whales can be food,oil and to make cosmetics.

Front 126

Aspects of whale biology that need to be known still.

Back 126

How they communicate over large distances

How they migrate

How they dive and survive at extreme depths.