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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is a carbocation
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electrophiles that readily accept electron pairs. a carbon that does not have an octet, it has 3 bonds and a + charge. It is a temporary, high energy, short lived, intermediate
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which Eactivation is faster? 60 kj/mol or 80 kj/mol
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60--> lower means faster, higher means slower
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what is a transition state?
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structure occurring at an energy maximum
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what is an intermediate?
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energy minimum between 2 transition states
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in an energy diagram, if products are higher than reactants, this means what
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energy absorbed, energy change is positive
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in an energy diagram, if products are less than reactants, this means what
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energy released, energy change is negative
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When adding H2 to an alkene, how are the H's added? (same side or opposite sides)
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same side
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When you add H-X to an alkene, what side do you add the H to? the one with more H's or the side with more substituents?
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side with more H's
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When adding H20 to an alkene, what kind of catalyst do you need?
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Acid
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When adding H20 to an alkene, what is a product formed?
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Alcohol
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What happens to an alkene when you add KMnO4 and a base?
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2 OH's added across C=C in Syn (cis) fashion
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What happens to an alkene when you add KMnO4 and H2O?
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No reaction to an alkene
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What happens to an alkene when you ad KMnO4 and an acid?
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"shreds" the C=C in half
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What is Stereochemistry?
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Analysis of molecules that are different ONLY in their three dimensional arrangements
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What does Chiral mean?
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An object that is different that its mirror image. It has a "handed-ness" A left and right hand.
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What does Achrial mean?
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An object that is identical to its mirror image (ex: sock, coffee mug)
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What do you use as a catalyst for a hydroxylation/oxidation rxn?
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KMnO4
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When doing hydroxylation/oxidation with a base, what is added to the alkene? And in what fashion? (trans, cis?)
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2 OH's in cis fashion
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What do you use as a catalyst when doing hydrogenation?
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Pd or Pt
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What do you use as a catalyst when doing a Hydration rxn?
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An aqueous acid (example: H3PO4)
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What is the catalyst for transforming a Benzene to having one SO3H on the ring?
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H2SO4/SO3
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What is a Polymer?
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Molecule built up by repeating smaller molecules
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When doing a hydroxylation/oxidation rxn with an acid, if 1 hydrogen is connected to the carbon, what forms? What will you need to do?
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An Aldehyde is formed O=C--H
You will need to turn this into a Carboxylic Acid by adding an O to the H to turn into O=C--OH |
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When doing a hydroxylation/oxidation rxn with an acid, if 2 hydrogens are present on the carbon, what forms? What will you need to do ?
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CO2+H2O
You will have O=C---H2. You need to add 2 O's to the H's. This gives you O=C---OH&OH |
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Carbocation stability increases or decreases with increasing alkyl substitution?
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Increases
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What is Markovnikov's Rule?
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When adding HX to an alkene, the H attaches to the carbon with fewer alkyl substituents (more H's) and the X attaches to the carbon with more alkyl substituents
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What is an enantiomer?
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A stereoisomer that is identical to its mirror image
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What is a diastereomer
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Stereoisomers that are not mirror images
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What does achiral mean?
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Plane of symmetry, Identical to its mirror image
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When doing a hydration rxn, what is added to the alkene?
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An H and an OH
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What is added to an alkene when reacting with Br2 or Cl2?
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Add 2 Br's or 2 Cl's. Remember this is an alkene, not a benzene
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When doing a hydrogenation, what is added to the alkene? What fashion are they added in? (trans/cis?)
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Add 2 H's in cis fashion
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What catalyst is used to make a benzene into a benzene with just a NO2 connected?
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HNO3/H2SO4
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What catalyst is used to make a benzene into a benzene with just an O=C--R connected?
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O=C---R Cl /AlCl3
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What catalyst is used to make a benzene into a benzene with just an R group connected?
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R--Cl/AlCl3
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What catalyst is used to make a benzene into a benzene with just a Br connected?
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Br2/FeBr3
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What catalyst is used to make a benzene into a benzene with just a Cl connected?
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Cl2/FeCl3
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When doing a hydrogenation/oxidation rxn with an alkene, what happens?
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Breaks the alkene bond in half, add O's to broken ends.
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What does Chiral mean?
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having a "handed-ness"
L & R |
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When KMnO4 reacts with a Benzene Ring, what happens?
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Any alkyl group (CH3, CH2CH#...) will oxidize into a Carboxylic Acid (sometimes making Benzoic Acid)
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Which reaction is faster? A reaction with an ortho/para director or a reaction with a meta director?
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Ortho/Para
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"Optically Active" Means _______
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Chiral
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If you have 3 stereocenters, it means that you have ______ stereoisomers
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2^3=8
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If you have 2 stereocenters, it means that you have ______ stereoisomers
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2^2=4
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What is the specific rotation of a sample that is 60% R -62degrees, and 40% S +62 degrees?
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(60% R -40% S =) 20% R
it will be negative 20% of -62degrees = .2x62= -12.4 |
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(Info given) R= -60degrees S=+60 degrees
you are given 75% S and 25% R -What is the new net rotation? |
You will have a +50% R rotation
50% of 60 is 30, so you'll have a +30degree R rotation |
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You are given a sample that has 50% S and 50% R for rotation. It has a net rotation of _____degrees, and is called ________
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0degrees of rotation
RACEMIC |
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In seterochemistry, if S is a + degree, then R will be a ______ degree
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negative, -
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What is a Meso Compound
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A compound that is achiral (identical to mirror image) but also contains more than 1 stereocenter
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When you have a stereocenter that has arrangement priority going clockwise
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"R"
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When you have a stereocenter that had arrangement priority going counter-clockwise
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"S"
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What is the product of Toulene + KMnO4/H20?
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Benzene ring with COOH
Any Carbon directly connected to the aromatic ring and has at least 1 H connected to that Carbon will be oxidized to a Carboxylic Acid |
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What happens to an alkyl group (CH3) on a Benzene ring when reacted with KMnO4?
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The Alkyl group will change into Carboxylic Acid
Any Carbon directly connected to the aromatic ring and has at least 1 H connected to that Carbon will be oxidized to a Carboxylic Acid |
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What are examples of Meta Directors?
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-electronegativities
-O=C--R groups -NO2 -CN |
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What are examples of Ortho/Para directors?
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-Alkyl groups (CH3, CH2CH3...)
-Lone pair of electrons on site of attachment -F, Cl, Br, & I |