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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is a cell? |
Fundamental unit of all living things |
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What is cell theory state |
1) all living things are comprised of cells 2) Cells are basic functional unit of life 3) Chemical reactions life take place inside the cell 4) Cells arise only form pre-exisiting cells 5) Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNa --> genetic material passed from parent to daughter cell |
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What are the 6 kingdoms |
*Bacteria *Archae *Protista *Fungi *Plantae *Animalia |
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Within a kingdom what are the two types of cells? |
*Prokaryotic *Eukaryotic |
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What is a cell membrane |
Encloses the cell and is selectively permeable |
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What is the fluid mosaic model |
The cell membrane has phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins Lipids and many proteins may move freley within the membrane |
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What are the phospholipids looks like |
Phosphorous head (containing polar hydrophillic heads, face outwards [watery region]) Long, nonpolar, hydrophobic "fatty chains" that face each other |
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What is the membrane readily permeable to |
Small, nonpolar hydrophobic molecules (IE O2) and Small polar molecules (IE H2O) |
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How do small charged particles get through the membrane |
Through protein channels |
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How do charged ions and larger charge molecules get through the membrane |
Through carrier proteins
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Nucleus |
*Controls cellular activity and surrounded by nuclear membrane *Contains DNA |
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What do histones do |
Histones help form chromosomes when complexed with DNa The DNA winds around the histone and makes it more compact Histone is involved in the regulation of gene transcription |
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What is the nucleolus |
Dense structure where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis occurs |
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What is the ribosome |
*Site of protein production *Synthesized by nucleolus *Free ribosomes go to the cytoplasm *bound ribosombes are on the outer membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum |
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What is the endoplasmic reticulum |
Membrane encolsed space for transport of materials throughout the cell |
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What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum |
Smooth ER Rough ER |
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What does the smooth ER do |
No ribosome (no protein synthesis) For metabolism and production of lipids |
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What does the rough ER do |
Where ribosomes are Protein production |
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What is the golgi apparatus |
*Receives vessicles and contents from the smooth ER, modifies, repackages into the vessicle and distributes to the cell surface for exocytosis |
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What is the mitochondria |
Site of aerobic respiration
Supplies energy (mainly ATP) Has outer and inner phospholipid bilayer |
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What is the cytoplasm |
Includes cytosol (fluid) + all organells |
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What is transport within the cytoplasm called |
Cyclosis (streaming movement within the cell) |
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What are vacuoles/vesicles for |
Membrane bound and for transport and storage of materials Ingested, secreted, procesed or digested by cell Vaculoes are larger (more likely to be found in plant cells) |
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What are centrioles |
composed for microtubules and involved in spindle organization
During cell divison Animal cells have pairs of centrioles oriented perpendicular to each other that lie in the region (centrosome) [Centrosome is an organization of microtubules that help regulate progrestion of cell cycle) |
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Do plant cells have centrioles? |
No |
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What are lysosomes |
Membrane bound vessicles with hydrolytic enzymes (intracellular digestion use) Lysosomes break down the materials ingested by the cell |
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What is autolysis |
Injured or dying cells, rupture the lysosome membrane and release all of the hdyrolytic enzymes and self-destruct |
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What is the cytoskeleton |
Supports cell, maintains shape and aids the cell motility. It has microfilaments and intermediate filaments |
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What are cilia and flagella |
Specialized arrangement of microtubules for cell motility and cytoplasmic movement |
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What are microfilaments |
Solid rods of actin Important in cell movement and support |
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What is simple diffusion |
Movement of particles down the concentration gradient (high to low) Passive and require no energy |
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What is osmosis |
Simple diffusion of water from low to high |
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What does hypertonic mean |
Cytolasm of cell has less solute than outside and water flows out
Leads to cell shriveling up [plasmolysis] |
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What does hyptonic |
Extracellular has low concentration of solute so water flows into the cell and swells as well as burst |
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What do freshwater protozoa do about water being hypotonic? |
Freshwater protozoa have contractile vacuoles that pump out excess water to keep from bursting |
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What does isotonic mean |
Extracellular enviornemnt has the same concentration of solute as well cytoplasm Water moves back and forth |
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What is facilitated diffusion |
Passive transport Net movement of dissolved particles down their ocncentration gradient through special channels and carrier proteins No energy |
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What is active transport? |
Net movement of dissolved particles against concentration gradients with transport proteins Needs energy Help regulate cell's internal content of ions and large molecules |
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What are symporters |
Move two or more ions or molecules in same direction |
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What are antiporters |
Exchange 1 or more ions or molecules for another ion or molecule across the membrane |
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What is a pump |
Energy driven (IE Na+/K+ pump) |
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What is endocytosis |
Cell membrane invaginates, forms vessicle with extracellular medium Cell can bring large volume of extracellular material inside the cell |
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What is pinocytosis |
Ingest fluid or small particles |
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What is phagocytosis |
Engulf large particles (may bind to receptors on cell membrane before being engulfed) |
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What is exocytosis |
Vesicle defuses within the cell membrane and relocates outside of the cell Helps with cell growth and intercellular singaling (Neurotransmitters) |
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What is Bowmian Movement |
Kinetic energy spreads small suspended particles thorughout cytoplasm |
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What is cyclosis or streaming |
Circular motion of cytoplasm around cell trans molecules |
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For unicellualr organisms what is cell division for |
Reproduction |
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For multicellular organisms what is cell division for |
Growth, development and increase replacement of cells |
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What percentange of a cell's life is spent in interphase |
90% of life |
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What does interphase do |
Performs normal cellular functions and each chromosome replicates so that during divison, a complete cop of the informaiton is able to be distributed to both of the duaghter cells |
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Are individual chromosomes visible during interphase |
No
DNa is uncoiled and called chromatin |
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What are the three parts of interphase |
G1 S G2 |
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What is G1 |
Initate interphase's active growth phase It varies in length Cells increase size and synthesize proteins |
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What determines the length of cell cycle? |
Length of G1 |
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What is the S phase |
DNA synthesis |
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What is the G2 phase |
Cell prepares to divide
Grows and synthesizes prtein |
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What is mitosis |
Division and distribution of cell's DNa to two daughter cells |
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Where does mitosis take place in |
Somatic cells |
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What type of division is mitosis |
Nuclear division (karyokinesis) followed by cell divison (cytokinesis) |
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The steps of mitosis |
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
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What is Prophase of mitosis |
Chromosomes condense and centriole pairs seperate and move toward opposite poles of the cells Spindle apparatus forms between them and nuclear membrane dissolves allowing spindle fibers to interact with the chromosome |
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What is the metaphase of mitosis |
Centriole pairs at opposite pole of cell Fibers of psindle apparatus attach to corresponding chormatid at corresponding kinetochore Spindle fibers align chormosomes at equator |
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What is the anaphase of mitosis |
Chromsomes split and each sister chormatid pulled to opposite pole of the cell |
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What is the telophase of mitosis |
Spindle fibers disappear
Nuclear membrane around each newly formed chromosomes EAch cell has same number of chormosomes (diploid number) as original partental nucleus Chromosomes uncoil to interphase form |
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What is cytokinesis like in animal cells |
Cleavage furrow forms
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What is plant cell cytokinesis like |
Cell plate forms between two cells to split plant cell in half and allow it to divide |
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What is meiosis |
Sexual reproduction and process in which sex cells are produced Produces haploid cells |
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When does crossing over occur in meiosis |
Prophase I |
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What is the points of contact for crossing over called |
Chiasmata
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Does recombination among chromosomes result in increase or decreased genetic diversity |
Increase |
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What is disjunction and what phase of meiosis does it occur |
Homologous pairs separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cells
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What is nondisjunction |
Chromsomes don't separate completely during meiosis so daughter cells have incorrect number of chromosomes |