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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name the brain region that monitors and regulates body temperature
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The Hypothalamus
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Most Dietary carbohydrates come from ______
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Plants
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Match each mineral with an example of its role in the body
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Magnesium: Cofactor for enzymes
Sodium: Action Potentials Iron: Hemoglobin, myoglobin Chloride: In stomach Acid Calcium and Phosphorous: Bone Salts |
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List examples of fats (lipids)
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Phospholipids. triglycerides, and cholesterol
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Define Nutrient
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Ingested compound used for growth, repair or maintenance
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By definition, one ____ is the amount of energy (heat) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius
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calorie
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List the components of an ATP molecule
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Phosphate, ribose, and adenine
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The sum of all chemical reactions in the body including both anabolic and catabolic reactions, is called
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metabolism
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Rank the events of cellular respiration in the correct order:
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Glycolysis
Transition reaction (formation of acetyl CoA) Citric Acid (krebs) cycle Electron transport chain |
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Name the nutrient class that includes sugars, glycogen and cellulose
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Carbohydrates
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Elevation of the mineral, _____, Increases the risk of hypertension
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Sodium
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Because the class of nutrients called ____ are rapidly oxidized, they are required in greater amounts in the diet than any other nutrient
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carbohydrates
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True or false: the typical american consumes about four times the sodium RDA of 1500 mg/day
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True
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List Example of trace minerals
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Iodine, copper, and zinc
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State the specific term that describes homeostatic regulation of the body temperature within a narrow range
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Thermoregulation
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an excessively high body temperature is called
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hyperthermia
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Describe when cells, such as muscle cells, undergo anaerobic fermentation
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no oxygen is available
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List factors involved in the process of protein synthesis
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Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, Ribosomes, deoxyribose nucleic acids
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Glycolysis occurs in the ___ of the cell
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cytoplasm
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True or False: Protein constitutes about 12 to 15 percent of the body's mass
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True
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List lipoproteins found in the body
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chylomicrons, high-density lipoproteins, very low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins
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The ___ cycle is a cyclic series of reactions that result in the complete breakdown of nutrient molecules into CO2, NADH, FADH2, water and ATP
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Krebs
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Define beta oxidation
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Fatty acid catabolism producing acetyl groups
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The by-products of complete glucose catabolism (oxidation) include:
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ATP, carbon dioxide, and water
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for several hours during and after a meal, you are in the ___ state
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absorptive
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The temperature of organs in the cranial, throacic, and abdominal cavities is known as ___ temperature
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core
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Describe the source of most body heat
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exergonic chemical reactions
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match the type of heat loss with its mechanism
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Radiation: emission of infrared energy (rays); contact is not required for energy transfer
evaportation: heat dissopated as it breaks bonds between water molecules conduction: heat transfered molecule to molecule; contact is required for energy transfer |
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the maximum amount of atp generated per glucose is ___ molecules
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38
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Describe when glycogenolysis would occur:
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after a meal, as blood glucose levels drop
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The term __ refers to the synthesis of fat
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lipogenesis
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list compounds for which cholesterol is a precursor
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bile acids, estrogen, vitamin d, testosterone
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___ is the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another
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Transamination
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Nitrogen balance is a state in which the rate of ingestion of the nutrient ___ equals the rate of excretion
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nitrogen
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Define lipogenesis
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producing fats from other types of molecules
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State the general name for inflammation of the liver
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hepatitis
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Dietary proteins classified as ___ proteins lack one or more essential amino acids
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incomplete
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during the postabsorptive state, ____ acts to increase the blood levels of glucose and lipids
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glucagon
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Choose the number of net ATP yielded during each phase of aerobic respiration
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2 atp from citric acid cycle, 2 atp from glycolysis, 32 atp from the electron transport chain
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after the NH2 group is removed from an amino acid, the remainder of the molecule is called
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keto
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the process of ___ is the addition of an amino acid group to a molecule
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amination
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the peptides ___ and ____ inform the brain of how much adipose tissue the body has and activates mechanisms fro adding or reducing fat
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leptin and insulin
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the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrates such as fats and amino acids is called
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Gluconeogenesis
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animals with a deficiency in the appetite- controlling substance called ___ exhibit hyperphagia and extreme obesity
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leptin
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The painful muscle spasms that result from excessive electrolyte loss in the sweat after running a mile and not drinking water would be described as a
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heat cramp
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in the presence of ____ pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria and is oxidized by aerobic respiration
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oxygen
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list the three principle forms of carbohydrates
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polysaccharides, monosaccharides, disaccharides
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___ fatty acids are those that cannot be synthesized by the body and therefore must be obtained from the diet
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essential
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list some examples of proteins in the body
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keratin, hemoglobin and enzymes
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the removal of an amino group from an organic molecule is known as
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deamination
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Define nitrogen balance
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nitrogen intake equals nitrogen excretion
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list the three pathways by which glucose can be catabolized
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aerobic respiration, glycolysis, and anaerobic fermentation
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describe the effect of glucagon
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stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
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the process called ____ is the addition of an inorganic phosphate group to an organic molecule
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Phosphorylation
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Define lipolysis
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breakdown of triglycerides
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list situation in which ketosis may occur
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with a low carb diet, untreated diabetes mellitus, during pregnancy, and during starvation
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____ rate refers to the amount of energy released per unit of time
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metabolic
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___ fats (containing fatty acids with double bonds within their carbon chains) predominate in nuts, seeds, and most vegetable oils
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unsaturated
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name the factors that regulate metabolism during the postabsorptive state
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sympathetic nervous system and glucagon
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Glycolysis, anaerobic fermination and aerobic respiration are the three major pathways for the catabolism (breakdown) of ____
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glucose
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the synthesis of glycogen is called
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glycogenesis
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Based on their structure, glucose, galactose and fructose are from the group of carbohydrates called
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monosaccharides
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list factors that result in a higher metabolic rate
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pregnancy, catecholamines, anxiety or fear, thyroid hormone
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name the peptides that function in long term appetite regulation
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leptin, neuropeptide y, and insulin
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name the site of conversion of lactic acid back to pyruvate
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liver
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The lipoprotein called ____ is produced by the liver and transports lipids to the adipose tissue for storage
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VLDLs
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___ is a secretion of the arcuate nucleus which inhibits eating
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melanocortin
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an important brain center for appetite regulation is the arcuate nucleus of the _____
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hypothalamus
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List the vitamins that act as antioxidants
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Vitamin c, e,and a
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List the fat-soluble vitamins
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a,d, e, and k
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a high blood level of ____ is beneficial because it functions in removal of cholesterol from the arteries, transporting it to the liver for disposal
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high denisity of lipoproteins
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List some essential fatty acids
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linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, and linolenic acid
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List examples of foods that contain water soluble fiber
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fruit, pectin, and brown rice
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low carb diets and untreated diabetes mellitus are two causes of ketone body accumilation, a condition called
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ketosis
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