Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
172 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Membrane lipid bilayers consist of |
Phospholipids |
|
|
Phospholipids
|
Membrane lipid bilayers consist primarily of
|
|
|
Detoxifiers |
Membrane proteins serve as
|
|
|
Regulate fluidity |
What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane structure |
|
|
Outwardly away from the cytoplasmic matrix
|
The carbohydrate moieties of the plasma membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids are oriented
|
|
|
Cytoskeleton
|
The cell structure that provides support and controls the movement of cell organelles
|
|
|
Mitochondrion
|
The organelle responsible for production of ATP
|
|
|
Mitochondrial Inner Membrane
|
All components of the electron transport chain are embedded in the
|
|
|
Mitochondrion
|
Which organelle does the TCA cycle and fatty acid oxidation occur
|
|
|
Lipid synthesis
|
The smooth reticulum is associated with
|
|
|
Lysosome
|
The organelle that serves as the digestive system for the cell
|
|
|
Modulators
|
Substances that bind with allosteric sites and alter the activity of regulator enzymes
|
|
|
Activation Energy
|
The energy needed to raise the energy of a reactant sufficiently to cause and exothermic reaction to occur is referred to as the
|
|
|
Low affinity and Concentration
|
A high Km means
|
|
|
Fats
|
Bile is most important for the digestion and absorption of
|
|
|
Amylase
|
The name of the digestive enzyme in saliva that digests starch
|
|
|
Mucus Enzymes Water
|
What are the main components of saliva
|
|
|
1.5 L or 6 cups
|
The volume of a normal stomach when full
|
|
|
50 mL or 2oz
|
The volume of a normal stomach when empty
|
|
|
Mucus
|
The product produced by neck cells in oxyntic gland of the stomach that protects the epithelium from mechanical and chemical damage
|
|
|
Parietal Cells
|
Cells found in both the oxyntic and pyloric glands of the stomach that secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
|
|
|
Chief Cells
|
Cells found in oxyntic glands in the body of the stomach and secrete pepsinogens
|
|
|
Acts as a bactericide agent
|
The function of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice is to
|
|
|
Brush Border
|
Most of the digestive enzymes produced by the intestinal enterocytes function at the
|
|
|
Acinar exocrine cells that produce digestive enzymes
|
The pancreas is a digestive system organ with two types of active tissue, the ductless endocrine cells that secrete insulin and glucagon and the
|
|
|
Secretin
|
The hormone whose major action is to alkalize intestinal contents by stimulating secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreas and by inhibiting gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying
|
|
|
Cholecystokinin
|
The hormone primarily responsible for contraction of the gallbladder and release of bile into the duodenum is
|
|
|
Hepatocytes
|
Bile salts are synthesized in the
|
|
|
Bile
|
A component of digestion that is enterohepatically circulated
|
|
|
Active Transport
|
The mechanism responsible for absorption of nutrients into the epithelial cell of the villus that requires energy
|
|
|
Butyric Acid
|
A 3 short chain fatty acid created by gut bacteria that is the preferred energy source for colonic epithelial cells
|
|
|
Selected Fibers
|
Prebiotics act as substrates for the growth of beneficial bacteria in the colon and are also
|
|
|
Stimulation
|
A major role of gastrin in the GI tract is
|
|
|
Ghrelin
|
A peptide that stimulates appetite
|
|
|
Cholecystokinin Corticotropin Releasing Hormone and Leptin
|
Three components involved in satiety and suppression of food intake
|
|
|
Starch
|
The most common digestible homopolysaccharide existing as both amylose and amylopectin
|
|
|
Monosaccharides
|
In what form do carbohydrates enter the bloodstream
|
|
|
α Amylase
|
The key enzyme in digestion of polysaccharides
|
|
|
Active Transport with sodium
|
The main method of glucose absorption
|
|
|
GLUT4
|
The glucose transporter that is sensitive to insulin
|
|
|
Water CO2 and Energy
|
The major end products of cellular oxidation of carbohydrates
|
|
|
Mitochondrion
|
The organelle in which enzymes that catalyze the citric acid cycle are located
|
|
|
Zwitterions
|
Amino Acids with no net electrical charge because their side chains are not charged
|
|
|
Limited protein synthesis
|
A diet lacking in the amino acids lysine and threonine will result in
|
|
|
Denature quaternary tertiary and secondary structures of the protein
|
A function of hydrochloric acid during protein digestion
|
|
|
Hydrolyzed Proteins
|
The products of pepsins actions
|
|
|
Duodenum and Jejunum
|
Most amino acids are absorbed from the
|
|
|
Oxidation
|
The primary mechanism for regulation of amino acids in excess of need for synthesis of protein, proving about 50% of the liver energy after a meal
|
|
|
Liver
|
The primary site of amino acid metabolism
|
|
|
Conversion of glucose and Oxidation for energy and Production of ketone bodies
|
What are the possible fates for the carbon skeleton or α keto acid when the amino group has been removed from an amino acid
|
|
|
Phenylketonuria
|
Genetic disease associated with the lack of the liver enzyme necessary to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine
|
|
|
Tryptophan
|
Which amino acid is Serotonin made from
|
|
|
Valine Leucine Isoleucine
|
What are the branched chain amino acids found in systematic circulation
|
|
|
Glutamine
|
The amino acid that is very important for several metabolic pathways in enterocytes and is often added to nutritional mixes used for hospitalized patients
|
|
|
Grains
|
The food group complementary to legumes in supplying sulfur containing amino acids such as methionine and cysteine
|
|
|
No
|
Is there a Tolerable Upper Intake Level for proteins and amino acids
|
|
|
Neurotransmitters
|
The brains uses amino acids for the synthesis of other N containing compounds such as
|
|
|
Alanine amino transferase and Aspartate amino transferase
|
Two aminotransferases that rise when there is and injury or disease in an organ
|
|
|
Secondary Structure
|
The alpha helix and beta pleated sheet are examples of
|
|
|
Carnitine
|
The Amino acid made from Lysine and is needed for transport of fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane for oxidation
|
|
|
Creatine
|
Plays a vital role in energy production and is a popular supplement
|
|
|
Choline
|
Low intake of this amino acid is associated with inflammation
|
|
|
Sodium
|
Amino acids are dependent upon what to get into the cell
|
|
|
Arginine Lysine Histidine
|
Which amino acids have side chains containing basic groups
|
|
|
Glutamine
|
The amino acid generated in the muscles as a way to transport NH3 from the breakdown of branched amino acids to other areas of the body that need nitrogen or to be formed in the urea for excretion
|
|
|
Increase
|
During metabolic stress C reactive protein levels
|
|
|
Arginine or Citrulline
|
When there is an intestinal injury Arginine becomes a conditionally essential amino acid and what must be supplemented into the diet
|
|
|
Linoleic Acid
|
An essential fatty acid that must be supplied by the diet
|
|
|
Eicosapentaenoic
|
The antithrombotic n3 fatty acid found in fish oil
|
|
|
Solid Fats
|
What is the condition of triacylglycerol with saturated fatty acids of longer chain length at room temperature
|
|
|
Cholesterol
|
What is the precursor for estrogens androgens bile acids and vitamin D
|
|
|
Bile emulsifies dietary lipid to increase its surface area
|
Describe the action of Bile
|
|
|
Delays the rate of emptying of stomach contents
|
Undigested lipid in the stomach creates satiety because
|
|
|
Micelle
|
Linolenic acid 2 monoacylglycerols cholesterol and vitamin D form a
|
|
|
Micelles
|
What polymolecular aggregates are small enough to enter the intramicrovillus spaces to interact with the brush border
|
|
|
Albumin
|
What is the carrier for medium chain fatty acids in portal circulation
|
|
|
Liver
|
The organ that provides the major site for lipoprotein formation
|
|
|
HDL
|
Reverse cholesterol transport that removes cholesterol from peripheral cells and returns it to the liver is carried out by
|
|
|
Trans unsaturated fatty acids
|
Fatty acids now considered to be more atherogenic because they elevate serum LDL while decreasing HDL
|
|
|
Carnitine
|
Carrier molecule needed for mitochondrial membrane transport of long chain fatty acids and their CoA derivatives
|
|
|
Acetyl CoA
|
What is formed when fatty acids are oxidized in the mitochondria
|
|
|
Ketones
|
Acetyl CoA produce
|
|
|
Prolonged starvation
|
Ketogenesis is highest during
|
|
|
Pectins
|
Are part of the cell wall middle lamella and are water soluble gel forming and stable at acidic pH's
|
|
|
Gums
|
Secreted at plant energy sites
|
|
|
Beta-glucans
|
Found in cereal brans such as oats and barley and reduce serum cholesterol
|
|
|
Fructans
|
Sources such as chicory, onions, and Jerusalem artichokes are associated with
|
|
|
Oat bran and legumes
|
High fiber foods most effective in reducing serum cholesterol
|
|
|
Improved
|
The condition of glycemic control in response to foods rich in fiber
|
|
|
Lignin
|
Poorly fermentable fiber
|
|
|
Sodium Potassium and Chloride
|
What are the major electrolytes
|
|
|
Parathyroid Hormone
|
What is secreted in response to low plasma calcium and acts on the kidney to increase calcitriol synthesis
|
|
|
Calcium and Magnesium
|
The minerals that when combined with unabsorbed dietary fat form soaps
|
|
|
Calcium and Phosphorus
|
The minerals that are the major part of the crystal hydroxyapatite formed in the ossification of bone
|
|
|
Phosphate balance
|
What is achieved largely by renal excretion
|
|
|
Phosphorus
|
A mineral that plays a major role in regulating pH
|
|
|
Refeeding Syndrome
|
Condition associated with low serum concentrations of phosphorus
|
|
|
Phosphorus
|
Mineral least likely to be deficient in the diet
|
|
|
Magnesium
|
The mineral that is part of the green chlorophyll pigment in green leafy vegetables
|
|
|
Magnesium
|
Mineral participating in all aspects of energy metabolism
|
|
|
Magnesium
|
Mineral with the primary function of binding phosphate groups in ATP and ATP dependent enzyme reactions
|
|
|
Muscle Contraction
|
In what process in the body is the calcium and magnesium antagonistic with calcium promoting the process and magnesium being the inhibitor
|
|
|
Magnesium
|
The deficiency of which major mineral is associated with muscular weakness neuromuscular hyperexcitability and tetany
|
|
|
Beta Carotene
|
Carotenoid pigment with the greatest Vitamin A activity
|
|
|
Retinol
|
What must be reesterfied to be carried in the chylomicron
|
|
|
Stellate Cells
|
Once secreted from the liver retinol is found in the blood attached to red blood cells and
|
|
|
Rhodopsin
|
The visual cycle involves a vitamin A molecule called 11 cis retinal that combines with opsin to form what
|
|
|
Vitamin A
|
The vitamin that directs cellular differentiation of epithelial cells
|
|
|
Vitamin A
|
Growth immunity and cell differentiation are all function of what vitamin
|
|
|
Yes
|
Are β carotenes harmful to smokers
|
|
|
Zinc
|
Which micromineral deficiency interferes with vitamin A metabolism by reducing the retinol binding protein
|
|
|
Severe Infections
|
A symptom of vitamin A deficiency most likely responsible for deficiency related deaths
|
|
|
No
|
Is cow's milk a reliable source of vitamin D in the food supply
|
|
|
Fortified
|
What type of foods would you expect to see the vitamin D molecule of vitamin D3 also known as cholecalciferol
|
|
|
25 hydroxycholecalciferol
|
Dietary cholecalciferol must be further hydroxylated in order to be in the active vitamin D form this process occurs in the liver to form
|
|
|
Vitamin D
|
The vitamin believed to function like a steroid hormone
|
|
|
Protective Effect
|
The relationship of vitamin D to autoimmune disease
|
|
|
Vitamin D
|
Vitamin deficiency associated with rickets
|
|
|
D
|
Toxicity of which vitamin is related to increased deposition of calcium in soft tissues
|
|
|
Cutaneous production reaches a maximum
|
Sun exposure does not cause hypervitmainosis D because
|
|
|
Alpha
|
Which tocopherol form provides the most vitamin E
|
|
|
A balanced meal containing Vitamin E
|
Most vitamin E in the body is found in the chylomicrons in the lymphatic vessels and general circulation following what
|
|
|
Adipose
|
Vitamin E is stored mostly in what tissue type
|
|
|
Vitamin E
|
The fat soluble vitamin with the primary function of membrane integrity
|
|
|
E
|
For which vitamin was a tolerable upper intake level set due to an increased tendency of bleeding
|
|
|
K
|
The fat soluble vitain consumed in the form phylloquinon from plant foods
|
|
|
K
|
A fat soluble vitamin that appears to operate as a coenzyme that modifies proteins to bind with calcium
|
|
|
K
|
Which vitamin is most likely to be deficient in newborns
|
|
|
A part of a coenzyme
|
The major function of vitamin B vitamins is to serve as
|
|
|
Glucose
|
Animals synthesize their own ascorbic acid from
|
|
|
C
|
Which water soluble vitamin contributes to "intracellular cement" in the formation of scar tissue and wound healing
|
|
|
Collagen Synthesis
|
Vitamin synthesis acts as a cofactor by maintaining iron in a reduced state in
|
|
|
Carnitine
|
Which molecule synthesized with the help of vitamin C underscores the importance of vitamin C to fat metabolism
|
|
|
Ascorbic Acid
|
What provides a reducing equivalent so that iron is in the ferrous form in lysyl hydroxylase
|
|
|
Antioxidant
|
A primary function of vitamin C is to act as an
|
|
|
Donates an electron to reduce a mineral cofactor
|
How does vitamin C participate in biochemical reactions involving its antioxidant ability
|
|
|
Scurvy
|
The necessity of ascorbic acid for its role in carnitine synthesis is the reason that people with what condition have no energy and are very tired
|
|
|
90 mg and 2000 mg
|
What is the RDA and UL for vitamin C for adult men
|
|
|
Energy Transformation
|
A major role for Thiamin is
|
|
|
Berberi
|
A consequence of Thiamin deficiency is
|
|
|
Protein
|
The body can synthesize Niacin from the amino acid Tryptophan when the diet is adequate in
|
|
|
Niacin
|
Which vitamin had a reduced coenzyme for fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis that is a product of the pentose phosphate pathway
|
|
|
Niacin
|
The four D's dermatitis dementia diarrhea and death result from a deficiency in which vitamin
|
|
|
Pantothenic Acid
|
The synthesis of coenzyme A starts with the phosphorylation of which vitamin
|
|
|
Biotin
|
A deficiency in which vitamin is associated with these symptoms hallucination lethargy skin rash alopecia and muscle pain
|
|
|
B12
|
5 methyl THF requires the action of which vitamin in order to form THF
|
|
|
Homocysteine
|
Low Focalin Low Cobalamin and Low Pyridoxine can result in elevated levels of which amino acid
|
|
|
Purines and Pyrimidines
|
Folate is important for dividing cells during growth and cancer because of its essential role in the synthesis of
|
|
|
Vitamin B12
|
In the enzyme methionine synthase which vitamin acts by accepting a methyl group from 5 methyltetrahydrofolate and donating this group to homocysteine to from methionine
|
|
|
400 ug DFE
|
What is the RDA amount of Folate for women of child bearing age
|
|
|
B12
|
Intrinsic factor is required for the majority of absorption of which vitamin
|
|
|
Cobalamin
|
The prescence of 2 nonenzymatic proteins R protein and intrinsic factor and a receptor located in the ileum is required for digestion and absorption of what
|
|
|
B12
|
Large amounts of Folic Acid can mask which vitamin deficiency and prevent macrocytic anemia and symptoms are related to the nervous system
|
|
|
B12
|
Which of the water soluble vitamins is able to be stored and retained in the body for long periods of time
|
|
|
B6
|
Which vitamin has a Tolerable Upper Intake Lever established
|
|
|
BMI
|
One way to estimate appropriate weight for height
|
|
|
Adult Men
|
The range of 19 through 24 represents the healthy BMI range for
|
|
|
(weight (kg))/(〖height 〗^(2 ) (m^2))
|
What is the formula to calculate BMI
|
|
|
Obesity
|
Waist circumferences of >40 inches in men and >35 inches in women are used to identify the risk for
|
|
|
DEXA
|
Which technique is used for measuring body composition and makes use of small exposures to radiation
|
|
|
Stroke and Sleep Apnea
|
Obesity is associated with increased risk for what
|
|
|
Fat
|
Which nutrient provides the lowest respiratory quotient when oxidized
|
|
|
2.54 cm
|
How many centimeters is one inch equal to
|
|
|
2.2 lbs
|
How many pounds is one kilogram equal to
|
|
|
Ghrelin
|
Which homrones or molecules increases the urge to eat
|
|
|
Krebs cycle and Electron transport
|
What is the final common catabolic pathway for the metabolism of carbohydrates proteins and fats
|
|
|
Magnesium
|
Foods such as nuts grains coffee legumes and leafy green vegetables are good sources of
|
|
|
Calcium
|
Nutrients such as fiber phytic acid oxalic acid unabsorbed fatty acids Zinc and Magnesium interfere with the absorption of
|
|
|
Trabecular
|
Type of bone composed of an interconnects system of mineralized proteins mostly type I collagen
|
|
|
Cortical
|
Type of bone made up of layers of mineralized protein primarily type II collagen
|
|
|
Osteoblasts
|
Cells that build the bone
|
|
|
Osteoclasts
|
Cells that take bone apart |
