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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Non-verbal communication |
Sending a message to someone without the use of speech |
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Paralinguistics |
Vocal features that accompany speech such as tone of voice, emphasis or intonation |
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What eye contact does |
Helps a conversation flow smoothly. Gives feedback about how you're being received and can help express emotions. |
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Eye contact study description |
• Participants shown images nearly identical image of woman except size of pupils. Asked which was more attractive. • Picture with dilated pupils was more attractive, couldn't say why • Pupil dilation has subconscious affect on emotion |
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List the universally recognised facial expressions |
• Surprise • Happiness • Sadness • Anger • Disgust • Fear • Interest |
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Posture |
The positioning of the body as a non-verbal communication signal |
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Closed posture |
• Positioning the arms so that they are folded across the body and legs crossed • Usually signals there are shy, nervous and uncomfortable |
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Open posture |
• Positioning the arms so they aren't folded across the body and legs aren't crossed • Usually signals they are relaxed and comfortable |
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Postural echo |
• Mirroring another person's posture that you are communicating with • Usually signals they are/aren't getting on well |
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Postural echo study description |
• Confederate talked to individuals in social setting and echoed posture in half, other half didn't. Experimenter asked what they thought of confederate after. • Postural echo used - liked Postural echo not used - awkward and not liked. • Postural echo gives unconscious message of friendliness |
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Sackheim (1978) description |
• Find relation between hemispheres and facial expressions • People's faces cut down middle and new images created by mirroring it. Pictures shown to participants and asked which they liked better • Majority preferred picture with left half, said it looked warmer • Left side of the face expresses more emotion than the right side |
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Gesture |
A movement of the body to convey a message |
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Gesture study description |
• Waiters instructed to either squat or stand upright when taking orders • Waiters that squatted got larger tips • Gesture of squatting near seated customer will have a positive effect on tipping behaviour |
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Touch |
Contact between two or more people as a non-verbal communication signal |
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Touch study description |
• Female students handed books by confederate librarian that touched half the students hands when handing books. Asked after what they thought of librarian • Students touched had better attitude towards librarian, weren't aware they'd been touched • Touch has unconscious and positive effect on attitudes |
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Verbal communication study |
• Different groups shown either friendly or hostile messages with either friendly or hostile tones and asked to interpret messages • Tone had 5x the effect of the message • Tone is important to how people interpret verbal messages |
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Personal space |
Distance we keep between ourselves and others |
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What cultural norms affect personal space in order |
• Intimate • Personal • Social • Public |
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What factors affect personal space? |
• Cultural norms • Sex • Class • Age |
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Argyle (1968) |
• Pairs of participants observed having conversations, half of conversations one wore sunglasses • More pauses with conversations where one wore glasses • Eye contact is important to flow of conversation |