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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In the auditory system, the conversion of sound waves into action potentials occurs in the
a. ganglion cells. b. eardrum. c. cochlear nucleus. d. hair cells |
d. hair cells
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Vision is to the ________ as audition is to the ________.
a. medial geniculate nucleus / lateral geniculate nucleus b. lateral geniculate nucleus / medial geniculate nucleus c. medial geniculate nucleus / cochlear nucleus d. cochlear nucleus / medial geniculate nucleus |
b. lateral geniculate nucleus / medial geniculate nucleus
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The primary auditory cortex is located in the
a. medial geniculate nucleus. b. inferior temporal lobe. c. lateral geniculate nucleus. d. superior temporal lobe. |
d. superior temporal lobe.
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The magnocellular nucleus and angular nucleus both project different kinds of auditory spatial information to
(the) ________. a. area MT b. area V4 c. lemniscal nucleus d. external nucleus |
c. lemniscal nucleus
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Information about which of the following senses does NOT pass through the thalamus on the way to the
cortex? a. Audition b. Olfaction c. Gustation d. Somatosensation |
b. Olfaction
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How many types of receptors are there in the olfactory epithelium?
a. Two b. Four c. Five d. More than five |
d. More than five
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The primary olfactory cortex is located at the junction of the ________ and ________ lobes.
a. frontal / temporal b. frontal / parietal c. temporal / occipital d. parietal / occipital |
a. frontal / temporal
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The orbitofrontal cortex is considered a secondary cortical area for which of the following senses?
a. Proprioception b. Vision c. Olfaction d. Audition |
c. Olfaction
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Which of the following is a documented asymmetry in the olfactory system?
a. The number of receptor types in the left olfactory epithelium is 10 times greater than in the right olfactory epithelium. b. The cortical volume of the primary olfactory cortex is larger on the right side than on the left in right-handed people. c. The nasal passage in one nostril is larger than the other nostril, and this switches back and forth every few hours. d. Although the left nostril projects to both the left and right cerebral hemispheres, the right nostril projects only to the right hemisphere. |
c. The nasal passage in one nostril is larger than the other nostril, and this switches back
and forth every few hours. |
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Which of the following is NOT one of the basic tastes?
a. Acid b. Bitter c. Sweet d. Umami |
a. Acid
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The primary gustatory cortex is located in the
a. thalamus and hypothalamus. b. hippocampus and amygdala. c. pons and medulla. d. insula and operculum. |
d. insula and operculum.
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The orbitofrontal cortex is an integration area for which two senses?
a. Somatosensation and vision b. Vision and audition c. Olfaction and gustation d. Somatosensation and proprioception |
c. Olfaction and gustation
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In which of the following brain areas might you expect an expert taster such as a chef or sommelier to have
unique patterns of neural connectivity? a. The superior temporal gyrus b. Area MT c. The orbitofrontal cortex d. The basal ganglia |
c. The orbitofrontal cortex
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Information about the left hand is processed
a. in the left hemisphere for both the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices. b. in the right hemisphere for both the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices. c. in the left hemisphere for the primary somatosensory cortex and bilaterally for the secondary somatosensory cortex. d. in the right hemisphere for the primary somatosensory cortex and bilaterally for the secondary somatosensory cortex |
d. in the right hemisphere for the primary somatosensory cortex and bilaterally for the
secondary somatosensory cortex |
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Which area of the body has the greatest amount of representation in the human primary somatosensory
cortex? a. Hands b. Feet c. Face d. Trunk |
a. Hands
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Due to a defect in one type of photoreceptor, Susan has poor vision at night, when light levels are relatively
low. Which type of photoreceptor is defective? a. Ganglion cell b. Cone c. Rod d. Cornea |
c. Rod
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A patient has an injury to the optic nerves, such that the branches of each optic nerve that normally cross to
the opposite side of the brain at the optic chiasm are severed. The remaining branches, which do not cross to the other side of the brain, are intact. Which of the following best describes the effect of this injury on his vision? a. He can now see only by using his right eye; his left eye is functionally blind. b. Only information from the left visual field can enter his brain for processing. c. Each eye can now carry only information from half of the visual field. d. His brain now receives visual information only from the medial half of each retina |
c. Each eye can now carry only information from half of the visual field.
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Which of the following structural attributes does NOT describe the organization of the lateral geniculate
nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus? a. Inputs from each retina terminate in separate layers of the LGN. b. Information about color and motion is represented by separate regions in the LGN. c. Each layer of cells in the LGN contains a retinotopic map of the visual field. d. Each half of the LGN carries information from only the contralateral eye |
d. Each half of the LGN carries information from only the contralateral eye
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f you were to conduct a single-cell recording from a neuron in the MT region of the extrastriate visual
cortex, you would probably find that the cell fires most vigorously to a a. bar of light that alternates in color between red and green. b. bar of light tilted at a 15° angle in the center of the cell’s receptive field. c. corner-shaped region of light on a dark background. d. bar of light that moves across the cell’s receptive field. |
d. bar of light that moves across the cell’s receptive field.
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A selective loss of motion perception is called
a. achromatopsia. b. anomia. c. akinetopsia. d. agnosia |
c. akinetopsia.
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A patient who has a focal brain injury to the human analog of area MT would demonstrate all of the
following for visually presented stimuli EXCEPT a. accurate shape discrimination. b. accurate velocity discrimination. c. accurate hue discrimination. d. accurate object recognition. |
b. accurate velocity discrimination.
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Injury to all of the following brain areas EXCEPT ________ will result in a scotoma.
a. MT b. V1 c. the LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus) d. Brodmann area 17 |
a. MT
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A patient with progressive supranuclear palsy is suffering from gradual deterioration of his superior
colliculus. Which of the following statements best describes the result of this disease? a. The patient has intact acuity and shape perception, but he can no longer recognize visual objects. b. The patient demonstrates the phenomenon of blindsight. c. The patient is cortically blind. d. The patient is unable to initiate eye movements. |
d. The patient is unable to initiate eye movements.
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Which of the following results has been shown for people who experience the most common form of
synesthesia? a. Their visual cortices have been shown to be sensitive to tactile discrimination. b. They show interference effects when asked to identify the colors of letters if the colors are inconsistent with their synesthetic experiences. c. Their somatosensory cortices have been shown to be sensitive to visual information. d. They show interference effects when asked to identify sung letters if the pitches are inconsistent with their synesthetic experiences |
b. They show interference effects when asked to identify the colors of letters if the colors
are inconsistent with their synesthetic experiences. |
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Which of the following is the best example of cortical plasticity?
a. The processing of tactile information by blind people in cortical regions that process visual information in sighted people b. The ability of the barn owl to localize objects in space based on auditory and not visual information c. The integration of information about olfaction and gustation in the orbitofrontal cortex d. The activation of the superior colliculus by visual information in patients exhibiting blindsight |
a. The processing of tactile information by blind people in cortical regions that process
visual information in sighted people |
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The term
associative agnosia is reserved for patients who a. have perceptual impairments due to problems with the ventral stream. b. cannot recognize objects despite having normal perceptual representations. c. have perceptual impairments due to problems with the dorsal stream. d. cannot recognize objects due to compromised perceptual representations |
b. cannot recognize objects despite having normal perceptual representations.
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A patient like G.S. who had visual object agnosia would have difficulty in identifying an object unless
a. the object had been familiar to him prior to his brain injury. b. he was asked to describe the object’s use rather than its specific name. c. he was permitted to touch the object before making a response. d. the object was presented in the contralesional side of the visual field |
c. he was permitted to touch the object before making a response.
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All of the following are problems with the idea that single neurons encode the mental representations for all
possible complex visual stimuli EXCEPT a. loss of any single visual recognition neuron would have too great an impact on perception. b. these single neurons would have to adapt as the objects they respond to change over time. c. there is no neurophysiological evidence that visual cells respond to specific types of stimuli. d. this approach cannot explain how we recognize novel objects |
c. there is no neurophysiological evidence that visual cells respond to specific types of stimuli.
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Pohl (1973) conducted a study of the “what” and “where” pathways in brain-lesioned monkeys using two
different tasks: a landmark discrimination task, which required a visuospatial judgment, and an object discrimination task, which required object recognition. He found that monkeys with temporal lobe lesions became severely impaired in learning the ________ task but not the ________ task. Monkeys with posterior parietal lesions showed the ________ pattern of performance. a. object discrimination / landmark discrimination / same b. landmark discrimination / object discrimination / same c. object discrimination / landmark discrimination / opposite d. landmark discrimination / object discrimination / opposite |
c. object discrimination / landmark discrimination / opposite
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The “what” pathway involves bilateral inputs from the primary visual cortex. Based on this, what are the
minimal lesions required to produce an object recognition deficit? a. Lesions to the right striate cortex AND the left inferior temporal lobe b. Lesions to the right striate cortex AND the corpus callosum c. Lesions to the right striate cortex AND the corpus callosum AND the left inferior temporal lobe d. Lesions to the right striate cortex AND the corpus callosum AND the right inferior temporal lobe |
c. Lesions to the right striate cortex AND the corpus callosum AND the left inferior
temporal lobe |
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A PET study conducted by Kohler and colleagues (1995) showed that performing an object recognition task
produced activation in the ________ lobes, whereas a spatial position task produced activation in the ________ lobes. a. superior temporal / occipitotemporal b. occipitotemporal / parietal c. parietal / inferior frontal d. inferior frontal / superior temporal |
b. occipitotemporal / parietal
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To emphasize that the dorsal visual system provides a strong input to motor systems to compute the way in
which a moment should be produced, some researchers have argued that a dichotomy should be drawn between a. “why” and “where.” b. “where” and “what.” c. “what” and “how.” d. “how” and “why.” |
c. “what” and “how.”
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________ is the ability to recognize an object under many different viewing conditions and in many different
contexts. a. Ensemble coding b. Object constancy c. Apperceptive agnosia d. Geon perception |
b. Object constancy
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An undercover agent notices a green car parked outside her apartment building when she leaves for work at 8
a.m. Later she notices the same car in a store parking lot and becomes suspicious that she is being followed. The agent’s ability to recognize the car under these two different circumstances is an example of a. viewer-centered object recognition. b. object constancy. c. perceptual categorization. d. property-based organization |
b. object constancy.
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Which of the following is NOT a major reason why the visual information reflected by an object will vary
over different viewings? a. Objects can be viewed from multiple orientations. b. Objects are seen in the context of other objects, and they may partially occlude one another. c. Objects are associated with view-dependent major axes. d. Objects can be viewed under different illumination conditions |
c. Objects are associated with view-dependent major axes.
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The statement “recognition of a visual pattern at a later time occurs only if you can match the stimulus to its
exact stored representation” best describes ________ theories of pattern perception. a. view-dependent b. object-centered c. recognition-by-parts d. semantic categorization |
a. view-dependent
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According to ________ theories of object recognition, when one sees an object such as a bicycle, recognition
depends on the ability to detect properties that do not depend on specific viewing conditions. a. view-invariant b. viewer-centered c. feature analysis d. perceptual categorization |
a. view-invariant
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In fMRI studies, when a stimulus is repeated, the BOLD response is ________ for the second presentation
compared to the first. This is known as the ________. a. lower / repetition enhancement effect b. lower / repetition suppression effect c. higher / repetition enhancement effect d. higher / repetition suppression effect |
b. lower / repetition suppression effect
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With regard to perception, the term
feature refers to a. the most important aspect of a figure, such as its identity or name. b. a complex pattern of sensory stimulation, such as a face or word. c. any combination of elements that requires attention for processing, such as the conjunction of color and shape. d. a fundamental component of a visual pattern, such as edge orientation or color |
d. a fundamental component of a visual pattern, such as edge orientation or color
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After suffering from a focal brain injury, a patient has difficulty in recognizing visually presented objects,
despite normal acuity and color perception. Notably, she has severe difficulty in judging whether two pictures, each showing a different view, represent the same object. What is the most probable diagnosis? a. Apperceptive agnosia b. Associative agnosia c. Synesthesia d. Prosopagnosia |
a. Apperceptive agnosia
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Warrington (1985) proposed an anatomical model of the cognitive operations necessary to explain object
recognition. The first stage in this model involves the detection and categorization of visually invariant information, which occurs in the ________ hemisphere; the second stage involves the semantic categorization of visual input, which occurs in ________ hemisphere(s). a. left / the right b. left / both the left and right c. right / the left d. right / both the left and right |
c. right / the left
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Humphreys and Riddoch (1994) described a patient with a syndrome they called
integrative agnosia, which was characterized by difficulty in a. linking visual percepts to long-term knowledge about objects. b. combining parts of objects into coherent whole percepts. c. drawing and copying pictures of objects. d. matching different view of an objects as representing the same item |
b. combining parts of objects into coherent whole percepts.
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________ is a deficit in the ability to recognize faces that cannot be directly attributed to deterioration in
intellectual function. a. Apraxia b. Apperceptive agnosia c. Prosopagnosia d. Synesthesia |
c. Prosopagnosia
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Patients with prosopagnosia typically have difficulty recognizing
a. the faces of famous people but not those of their family. b. the faces of their family but not those of their friends. c. the faces of their friends but not those of famous people. d. the faces of both their friends and famous people. |
c. the faces of their friends but not those of famous people.
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The ERP component associated with face perception is the
a. N170. b. MMN. c. N400. d. LAN. |
a. N170.
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A major source of evidence against the idea that faces are processed in a special brain region in humans is
that the candidate region a. is used to process a variety of perceptual stimuli in nonhuman primates. b. is also involved in processing highly familiar places. c. is recruited when people have to make discriminations among highly familiar stimuli. d. varies significantly in location from person to person |
c. is recruited when people have to make discriminations among highly familiar stimuli.
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The face inversion effect suggests that
a. right-side-up faces are processed holistically by people with prosopagnosia. b. upside-down faces are processed holistically by people with prosopagnosia. c. right-side-up faces are processed analytically, whereas upside-down faces are processed holistically. d. right-side-up faces are processed holistically, whereas upside-down faces are processed analytically |
d. right-side-up faces are processed holistically, whereas upside-down faces are processed analytically
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According to Farah (1990), who has studied syndromes such as prosopagnosia and alexia, holistic analysis is
to analysis by parts as ________ is to ________. a. face recognition / reading b. reading / face recognition c. writing / reading d. reading / writing |
a. face recognition / reading
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One critical distinction in the task of face recognition versus that of reading may be that
a. face recognition requires holistic analysis, whereas reading requires analysis by parts. b. face recognition can be intact in visual agnosia, but reading is always impaired in visual agnosia. c. face recognition depends on “face cells,” whereas reading requires “word cells.” d. face recognition deficits always accompany reading deficits, but the reverse is not true. |
a. face recognition requires holistic analysis, whereas reading requires analysis by parts.
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Which of the following is a brain region that would likely be implicated in processing spatial relations in an
outdoor scene? a. The fusiform place area (FPA) b. The parahippocampal place area (PPA) c. The fusiform face area (FFA) d. The parahippocampal face area (PFA) |
b. The parahippocampal place area (PPA)
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The neurotransmitter responsible for translating action potentials into mechanical actions at muscles is
a. norepinephrine. b. dopamine. c. acetylcholine. d. serotonin |
c. acetylcholine.
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Alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord communicate with muscle fibers by releasing the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine, which influences muscle activity by a. depolarizing neurons in the peripheral nervous system. b. directly causing muscle contractions. c. hyperpolarizing peripheral motor neurons d. inhibiting neurons in the dorsal root of the spinal cord |
b. directly causing muscle contractions.
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Which of the following is NOT a part of the basal ganglia?
a. The putamen b. The claustrum c. The caudate d. The globus pallidus |
b. The claustrum
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Corticospinal fibers originate primarily in the
a. cerebellum. b. supplementary motor area. c. premotor cortex. d. primary motor cortex |
d. primary motor cortex
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A laboratory dog has had surgery to separate the spinal components of its motor system from the cortical and
subcortical components. Which of the following best describes the motor abilities of this animal? a. The dog is able to sit and roll over in response to commands. b. The dog can move proximal effectors normally, but not distal effectors. c. The dog demonstrates reflexive withdrawal of its foot in response to sudden stimulation. d. Only vital motor functions such as breathing and heartbeat are intact in this animal |
c. The dog demonstrates reflexive withdrawal of its foot in response to sudden stimulation.
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Neurons in each half of the cerebellum synapse on ________ targets in the thalamus and other subcortical
structures, and therefore regulate the effectors on the ________ side of the body. a. ipsilateral / ipsilateral b. ipsilateral / contralateral c. contralateral / ipsilateral d. contralateral / contralateral |
c. contralateral / ipsilateral
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Sherrington (1947) surgically disconnected spinal motor neurons from cortical and subcortical motor centers
in laboratory animals. Which of the following statements is true about the subsequent motor behavior of these animals? a. The animals could still generate voluntary movements, but reflexive responses were disrupted. b. Reflexive responses were intact, but complex voluntary movements were disrupted. c. The animals showed normal motor function as long as sensory inputs from the dorsal root were also severed. d. The animals became completely motionless and unresponsive to stimulation |
b. Reflexive responses were intact, but complex voluntary movements were disrupted.
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The loss of sensory feedback from an effector
a. tends to reduce the precision of movements for this effector. b. usually results in the paralysis of the effector. c. produces no change in the ability to move and use the effector. d. increases the coordination of movements generated through other intact effectors |
a. tends to reduce the precision of movements for this effector.
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Which of the following would demonstrate the finding that some aspects of motor learning are independent
of the specific effectors used to perform an action? a. Right-handed pitchers have great difficulty in throwing a baseball accurately with the left hand. b. Actions such as the backhand stroke in tennis require the coordination of a sequence of separate movements. c. All cyclists tend to use the same set of effectors in riding, regardless of the specific age at which they learned to ride a bicycle. d. One’s signature looks very similar regardless of whether one uses the left or the right hand to produce it |
d. One’s signature looks very similar regardless of whether one uses the left or the right
hand to produce it |
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Single-cell recording studies of the motor control of reaching movements have demonstrated that neurons in
the motor cortex are selectively active based on the a. distance through which a reaching movement must pass. b. direction in which a reaching movement is generated. c. speed at which a reaching movement is performed. d. final arm position achieved once a reaching movement is completed |
b. direction in which a reaching movement is generated
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Using single-cell recording, a researcher isolates a neuron in the motor cortex of a monkey that is extremely
active when the monkey moves its arm from left to right. In subsequent trials, the animal is required to move its arm from the starting to the ending locations diagrammed here. Which, if any, of these additional trials will also increase activity in this neuron? a. C only b. A and B c. A, B, and D d. D only |
b. A and B
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With regard to motor cortex, a population vector is the
a. summed activity of the neurons in the motor cortex, including cells that are tuned to all directions. b. summed activity of the neurons in the motor cortex, including only cells that are tuned to the same preferred direction. c. total number of neurons that are tuned to the same preferred direction. d. preferred direction of a single neuron |
a. summed activity of the neurons in the motor cortex, including cells that are tuned to all
directions. |
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The fact that the population vector recorded in the motor cortex precedes the corresponding reaching
movement indicates that motor cortex activity a. is primarily involved in the planning of movement. b. is independent of voluntary movement. c. automatically leads to movement. d. is related to the movement of specific muscle groups |
a. is primarily involved in the planning of movement.
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In the most general sense, scientists use the term
mirror system to refer to a distributed network of neural regions involved in both a. the perception of the self and the perception of others. b. action production and action comprehension. c. the control of specific effectors as well as abstracted movement plans. d. proprioception and somatosensation |
b. action production and action comprehension.
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Single-cell recording studies have indicated that the ________ may be especially important in the control of
internally guided motor sequences, whereas the ________ may be especially important in the control of externally guided motor sequences. a. supplementary motor cortex / premotor cortex b. premotor cortex / supplementary motor cortex c. basal ganglia / cerebellum d. cerebellum / basal ganglia |
a. supplementary motor cortex / premotor cortex
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Loss of blood flow in the ________ is the most common cause of hemiplegia.
a. anterior cerebral artery b. vertebral artery c. middle cerebral artery d. circle of Willis |
c. middle cerebral artery
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The two general subtypes of apraxia are
a. ideomotor and ideational. b. ideational and associative. c. associative and apperceptive. d. apperceptive and ideomotor. |
a. ideomotor and ideational.
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Heilman and colleagues (1982) asked patients to choose the appropriate manual gesture for a given activity,
such as slicing a loaf of bread with a knife or unlocking a door with a key. The different gestures were performed by an actor on video. Which of the following best summarizes the results of this study? a. The patients with frontal lobe lesions performed poorly on this task, whereas the patients with parietal lobe lesions performed well. b. The patients with parietal lobe lesions performed poorly on this task, whereas the patients with temporal lobe lesions performed well. c. The patients with parietal lobe lesions performed poorly on this task, whereas the patients with frontal lobe lesions performed well. d. Both frontal and parietal lobe injuries produced poor performance on this task. |
c. The patients with parietal lobe lesions performed poorly on this task, whereas the
patients with frontal lobe lesions performed well. |
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In the period of time immediately following focal brain injury to the supplementary motor cortex, patients
may reach out and grasp objects with the affected arm when they have not been asked to do so, or even when they have been explicitly told not to do so. This is called a. apraxia. b. hemiplegia. c. Huntington’s disease. d. alien hand syndrome |
d. alien hand syndrome
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In the days following her stroke, Patient E cannot refrain from reaching out and grasping nearby objects even
when she has been asked not to do so. This syndrome probably is the result of the abnormal dominance of the a. lateral supplementary motor area loop. b. lateral premotor loop. c. medial supplementary motor area loop. d. medial premotor loop |
c. medial supplementary motor area loop.
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Franz and colleagues (1996) asked a patient who had had his corpus callosum surgically severed to draw
figures like the ones here, each simultaneously with a different hand. Compared to neurologically intact control participants, they found that this patient a. was better at producing movements simultaneously with both hands, even when they differed in direction. b. was selectively impaired when simultaneously producing movements with each hand when they differed in direction. c. performed poorly and was especially impaired when the figures closely resembled each other. d. was better at producing movements simultaneously with both hands only when they differed in direction |
a. was better at producing movements simultaneously with both hands, even when they
differed in direction. |
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One reason that lesions to the cerebellum disrupt the eye blink conditioning response is because
a. the cerebellum regulates the production of acetylcholine in peripheral motor neurons. b. this structure is involved in timing the activation of different effectors involved in a motor sequence. c. the cerebellum controls the initiation of eye movements. d. this structure normally inhibits the activity in the motor cortex, and when this inhibition is disrupted, motor learning is impaired. |
b. this structure is involved in timing the activation of different effectors involved in a
motor sequence. |
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A patient has damage to the basal ganglia, particularly within the striatum, and demonstrates both chorea and
hyperkinesia. What is your diagnosis? a. Parkinson’s disease b. Huntington’s disease c. Hypermetria d. Bradykinesia |
b. Huntington’s disease
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Hyperkinesia is to ________ as hypokinesia is to ________.
a. Parkinson’s disease / Huntington’s disease b. Huntington’s disease / Parkinson’s disease c. apraxia / hemiballism d. hemiballism / apraxia |
b. Huntington’s disease / Parkinson’s disease
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Keele’s work with people with Parkinson’s disease suggests that they may have difficulties in which of the
following cognitive operations? a. Discriminating scents b. Spatial memory c. Facial recognition d. Set shifting |
d. Set shifting
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Three main subdivisions of the prefrontal cortex are the a. primary motor cortex, lateral prefrontal cortex, and frontal pole.
b. lateral prefrontal cortex, frontal pole, and medial frontal cortex. c. frontal pole, medial frontal cortex, and anterior cingulate. d. medial frontal cortex, anterior cingulate, and primary motor cortex . |
b. lateral prefrontal cortex, frontal pole, and medial frontal cortex.
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The most caudal part of the frontal lobe contains the ___________ region.
a. lateral prefrontal cortex b. premotor c. anterior cingulate d. primary motor |
d. primary motor
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The ventromedial zone is also known as (the)
a. primary motor cortex. b. Wernicke's area. c. anterior cingulate cortex. d. orbitofrontal cortex. |
d. orbitofrontal cortex.
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Focal injuries of the prefrontal cortex generally produce all of the following cognitive changes or symptoms EXCEPT
a. deficits in planning complex behaviors. b. perseveration in responding. c. fluent aphasia. d. disruption of working memory. |
c. fluent aphasia.
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The information that you are currently thinking about, perceiving, or using to guide responding is held in this type of memory store.
a. Source memory b. Anterograde memory c. Working memory d. Implicit memory |
c. Working memory
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With short delays, we are better at recalling a list of __________ words than a list of ___________ words. With longer delays, we show an even stronger effect between __________ similar and dissimilar words.
a. semantically dissimilar / semantically similar / phonologically b. semantically similar / semantically dissimilar / phonologically c. phonologically dissimilar / phonologically similar / semantically d. phonologically similar / phonologically dissimilar / semantically |
c. phonologically dissimilar / phonologically similar / semantically
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Working memory has been called the _________ of the mind.
a. blackboard b. bookshelves c. filing cabinet d. staple gun |
a. blackboard
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A monkey is taught that food is associated with a stimulus card that has a star on it. After training, the animal receives a lesion to the lateral prefrontal cortex. The monkey's memory for the food-stimulus card association is then tested by presenting the animal with the two stimulus cards diagrammed here. How will the monkey now respond?
a. The monkey will remember the correct response and choose stimulus card 1 to earn a food reward. b. The memory trace left by the training period will be disrupted by the surgery, and the monkey will randomly select among the stimulus cards. c. The monkey will no longer be able to retrieve old memories, even if the representations are intact, and will randomly select among the stimulus cards. d. The monkey will no longer be able recognize visual patterns and will randomly select among the stimulus cards. |
a. The monkey will remember the correct response and choose stimulus card 1 to earn a food reward.
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Lesions of the lateral prefrontal cortex disrupt _______ memory but not _________ memory.
a. long-term / working b. long-term / short-term c. working / long-term d. working / short-term |
c. working / long-term
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A monkey that has previously received a lesion in the lateral prefrontal cortex is shown two food wells, each of which is covered by a marked stimulus card:
As the monkey watches, a food reward is placed into the left well and then both wells are covered. If the monkey is now allowed to retrieve the food reward immediately, it will a) correctly select the left food well. b) select from either of the food wells randomly. c) incorrectly select the right well. d) no longer respond to either of the food wells. |
a) correctly select the left food well.
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The human analog of the delayed-response task that is used as a test of cognitive development in human infants is the _________ task.
a. delayed-reward b. object permanence c. sensorimotor development d. conservation of quantity |
b. object permanence
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Which of the following is true about the prefrontal cortex?
a. The prefrontal cortex seems to play a role in working memory but not in long-term storage of information. b. The prefrontal cortex seems to play a role in long-term storage of information but not in working memory. c. The prefrontal cortex is important for both working memory and long-term storage of information. d. The prefrontal cortex is not essential for either working memory or long-term storage of information. |
a. The prefrontal cortex seems to play a role in working memory but not in long-term storage of information.
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Whereas the ________ will be most active during the encoding of a face stimulus, the __________ will be active during the delay period.
a. prefrontal gyrus / fusiform gyrus b. fusiform gyrus / prefrontal cortex c. anterior cingulate / hippocampus d. hippocampus / anterior cingulate |
b. fusiform gyrus / prefrontal cortex
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A task commonly used with adults to examine perseveration behavior is the
a. object permanence task. b. Posner cuing task. c. Wisconsin Card Sorting Task. d. recency discrimination task. |
c. Wisconsin Card Sorting Task.
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Neuroimaging experiments have demonstrated that working memory engages the
a. prefrontal cortex to a larger degree than any other cortical area. b. anterior cingulate to a larger degree than any other cortical area. c. prefrontal cortex and more posterior brain areas involved in perception and mental representation. d. anterior cingulate and more posterior brain areas involved in perception and mental representation. |
c. prefrontal cortex and more posterior brain areas involved in perception and mental representation.
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Cells in the prefrontal cortex that respond selectively to information about "what" and "where" may differ from other parts of the visual pathway in that
a. there is a larger proportion of "where" cells in the prefrontal cortex. b. the selectivity of the prefrontal cells is independent of the task conditions. c. some of the prefrontal cells respond to combinations of "what" and "where" information. d. Both band c are true. |
c. some of the prefrontal cells respond to combinations of "what" and "where" information.
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The ability to organize and segregate events in memory is called
a. source memory. b. working memory. c. perseveration. d. recency memory. |
d. recency memory.
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Jeff knows that Phineas Gage lived in Vermont. He cannot remember where and when he acquired this knowledge, however. He is having difficulty accessing his episodic, or _________, memory.
a. temporal b. recency c. source d. working |
c. source
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People with frontal lobe injuries and control participants learned a series offacts in the laboratory and returned about a week later to be tested for fact recall. Which of the following best describes the results of this study?
a. b. c. d. 22. The of a a. b. c. d. one underlying function oftbe prefrontal lobes is to select tbe information that is most task- relevant. separate regions within the prefrontal cortex are specialized for these different functions. the prefrontal cortex is not directly involved in memory but is a relay station for information processing that OCCursin the temporal lobes. information in the prefrontal cortex is temporarily represented in other neural sites, including the basal ganglia, during working memory. hypothesis that different regions of the brain process visuospatial and verbal information is an example account of brain specialization. domain-general process-general content-based process-based a. The participants with frontal lobe injuries recalled significantly fewer facts than the control participants did, but they had similar source memory for the facts. b. The participants with frontal lobe injuries recalled the same number of facts as the control participants did, hut they had poorer source memory for the facts. c. The participants with frontal lobe injuries had both poorer recall and poorer source memory for the facts relative to the control participants. d. The participants with frontal lobe injuries performed similarly to the control participants on fact recall and source memory. |
b. The participants with frontal lobe injuries recalled the same number of facts as the control participants did, hut they had poorer source memory for the facts.
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People with frontal lobe damage will likely bave trouble with
a. learning a fact like "the body of water between Russian and Iran is the Caspian Sea." b. remembering the context in which a new fact was learned. c. both a and b. d. neither a nor b. |
b. remembering the context in which a new fact was learned.
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One conceptualization of the prefrontal cortex, offered by Shimamura (2000), that could explain the seemingly disparate set of impairments associated with damage to this area is that
a. one underlying function of the prefrontal lobes is to select the information that is most task- relevant. b. separate regions within the prefrontal cortex are specialized for these different functions. c. the prefrontal cortex is not directly involved in memory but is a relay station for information processing that occurs in the temporal lobes. d. information in the prefrontal cortex is temporarily represented in other neural sites, including the basal ganglia, during working memory. |
a. one underlying function of the prefrontal lobes is to select the information that is most task- relevant.
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The hypothesis that different regions of the brain process visuospatial and verbal information is an example of a ________ account of brain specialization.
a. domain-general b. process-general c. content-based d. process-based |
c. content-based
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The n-back task differs from some other commonly used working memory tasks in that it involves
a. neither maintenance nor manipulation. b. both maintenance and manipulation. c. maintenance but not manipulation. d. manipulation but not maintenance. |
a. neither maintenance nor manipulation.
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One reason that the frontal pole has received less experimental attention than the lateral prefrontal cortex is because
a. the most anterior region of the prefrontal cortex is particularly prone to damage by cerebral hemorrhage, making this region more difficult to study in people. b. the frontal pole is a much older region in phylogenetic terms, which is consistent with the observation that this region shows few individual differences. c. the frontal pole is devoted to the sense of olfaction and is not believed to be involved in higher cognition. d. the most anterior region of the prefrontal cortex is susceptible to imaging artifacts, making this region more difficult to study with fMRI. |
d. the most anterior region of the prefrontal cortex is susceptible to imaging artifacts, making this region more difficult to study with fMRI.
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Based on what you know about the possible role of the prefrontal cortex in attention, which of the following do you think best predicts the performance of a patient with damage to this area on the Stroop task?
a. This person will experience less Stroop interference than neurologically intact participants. b. This person will experience the same amount of Stroop interference as neurologically intact participants. c. This person will experience more Stroop interference than neurologically intact participants. d. This person will be unable to perform the Stroop task due to disruptions in reading ability. |
c. This person will experience more Stroop interference than neurologically intact
participants. |
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Thompson-Schill and colleagues (1997, 1998) conducted an experiment in which participants generated an appropriate verb in response to a presented noun. They found that the processing of nouns such as rope,
which have many semantically associated verbs, elicited __________ activity in the inferior frontal cortex than did nouns such as scissors, which do not. This result supports the ___________ hypothesis of inferior frontal lobe function. a. greater / working memory retrieval b. greater / selection c. less / working memory retrieval d. less / selection |
b. greater / selection
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An inhibition-based account of prefrontal cortex function would suggest that monkeys with lateral prefrontal lesions perform poorly on the delayed-response task because they
a. become distracted by irrelevant information and lose track of the correct target location. b. have poor source memory and cannot remember which location is the source for the food reward. c. perseverate in previous responses made on the preceding trials of the delayed-response task. d. cannot remember how to perform the steps in the delayed-response task in the correct order. |
a. become distracted by irrelevant information and lose track of the correct target location.
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Patients with prefrontal injuries may fail to engage successfully in goal-oriented behavior for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
a. they may be easily distractible because of attentional impairment. b. they may have deficits in temporal memory. c. they may have difficulty in consolidating explicit memory. d. they may have deficits in using emotional information to guide behavior. |
c. they may have difficulty in consolidating explicit memory.
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In a stop-signal task, participants are asked to
a. choose between two responses but abort their response when signaled to do so. b. identify the color (red, yellow, or green) in which color words have been written. c. sort cards into piles but change the sorting rule when the stop signal appears. d. drive a virtual car through crowded London streets, obeying all traffic signals. |
a. choose between two responses but abort their response when signaled to do so.
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Schema control units are
a. mental representations of semantic networks. b. stored autobiographical information. c. stored information about the temporal order of events. d. mental representations of possible responses. |
d. mental representations of possible responses.
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At any given time, many different schema control units may be activated. However, we can rarely carry out more than one unit at a time and must select the most appropriate one to translate into action. The units are mutually inhibitory, and only the most activated one wins the competition for expression. This type of selection mechanism is called
a. the supervisory attentional system. b. contention scheduling. c. the somatic marker hypothesis. d. utilization behavior. |
b. contention scheduling.
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For situations in which no routine procedure can be used to generate an appropriate response, this type of mechanism is used to select the best schema control unit for translation into action.
a. The somatic marker hypothesis b. Utilization behavior c. The supervisory attentional system d. Source encoding |
c. The supervisory attentional system
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Which of the following situations would be most likely to engage the anterior cingulate cortex?
a. A waiter walks over to your table at a restaurant and holds an open menu in front of you. b. You walk into the elevator of your apartment building and press the button for your floor. c. You enter your classroom and find someone sitting in your usual seat. d. A good friend asks you to remind him of your telephone number. |
c. You enter your classroom and find someone sitting in your usual seat.
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The supervisory attentional system, which seems to be localized to the _________ in the brain, becomes active during the Stroop task because this task requires _____
a. orbitofrontal cortex / a response (perceiving color) that competes with a strong habitual response (reading) b. orbitofrontal cortex / a response (reading) that competes with a strong habitual response (perceiving color) c. anterior cingulate cortex / a response (reading) that competes with a strong habitual response (perceiving color) d. anterior cingulate cortex / a response (perceiving color) that competes with a strong habitual response (reading) |
d. anterior cingulate cortex / a response (perceiving color) that competes with a strong habitual response (reading)
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The supervisory attentional system is probably localized to this region of the brain.
a. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex b. The anterior cingulate gyrus c. The medial temporal lobe d. The ventromedial prefrontal cortex |
b. The anterior cingulate gyrus
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