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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Motivation |
Factors that initiate, sustain, and direct behaviors. |
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Instinct Theory |
Automatic and unlearned behavior, occurs in all members of a species. |
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Drive Theory |
The body maintains homeostasis or equilibrium in its systems. |
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Arousal Theory |
People behave to satisfy a certain level of sensation. |
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Incentive Theory |
People motivated by external stimuli. |
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Simple homestatic drives |
Your body's control system |
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Set points |
Points of equilibrium your body returns to after a deviation. |
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Homeostasis |
A point of equilibrium or balance in the body. |
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Anatomical Structures for Temperature Regulation |
Paraventricular nucleus and preoptic part of the thalamus |
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Thermoregulatory Center in Humans |
Hypothalamus |
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Endothermic Organism |
Maintains a constant internal temperature. |
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Exothermic Organism |
Cannot regulate body temperature internally. |
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Periphery (Skin Temperature, Peripheral thermoreceptors, visceral temperature) |
First step of temperature regulation |
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Hypothalamus (Deep brain temperature, Central thermoreceptors, thermoregulatory center) |
Second step of temperature regulation
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Effector Organs (Skin arterioles, skeletal muscle, sweat glands) |
Third step of temperature regulation |
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Core Body Temperature |
Final step of temperature regulation |
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Osmotic thirst |
Loss of fluid in cells |
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Hypovolemic thirst |
Drop in blood volume |
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Orgnanum vasculosum lamina terminalis (OVLT) |
Signals median preoptic nucleus to trigger drinking |
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What is the involvement of the taste system on hunger? |
Taste buds on tongue papillae detect primary categories of chemicals. |
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Insula-gustatory cortex |
Signals travel to here and to the nucleus of the solitary tract when experiencing hunger. |
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How many primary taste categories are there and what are their names? |
6; Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami, and fat |
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Glucose |
A macronutrient derived from carbohydrates |
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Amino Acids |
A macronutrient derived from proteins |
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Fatty acids |
A macronutrient derived from fat |
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Sensory-specific satiety |
Food is less appealing the more you eat, encouraging variation in choices. |
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Learned taste Aversion |
Avoiding foods associated with illness or poor nutrition |
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Learned taste preference |
Preference for the flavor of the food over the need of the nutrient it contains |
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Taste |
Experience you get from your receptors on your tongue; macronutrient detection |
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Flavor |
Combination of taste and smell |
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Mouth-Saliva starts breakdown of starches into glucose |
Step 1 of the Digestive process |
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Stomach-Hydrochloric acid and pepsin mixes with food to digest proteins into amino acids. |
Step 2 of the Digestive process |
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Small Intestine-Duodenum is where the rest of digestion takes place. Fats transformed into fatty acids and glycerol by bile. |
Step 3 of the Digestive Process |
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Hepatic Portal Vein-Transports products to the liver |
Step 4 of the Digestive Process |
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Absorptive Phase of Metabolism |
Few hours post food ingestion blood levels increase. This is detected by the brain and there is a shift in the NS from the sympathetic NS to the parasympathetic NS. The pancreas secretes insulin, regulates glucose uptake, and plays a role in diabetes. Glycogen storage is in the muscles and liver and the excess is stored as fat. |
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Fasting Phase of Metabolism |
Blood glucose levels decrease and the body relies on energy stores. The NS shifts back to the sympathetic NS. The pancreas stops insulin secretion and glucagon secretion is stimulated. The stored glycogen in the liver is converted into glucose. Fat tissue is used to provide energy for the rest of the body. Glucagon regulates the breakdown of adipose into fatty acids and glycerol. Muscles and organs use fatty acids and the liver converts glycerol to more glucose. |
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What percentage of adults are affected by obesity? |
2/3 |
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BMI |
A measure of body fat based on your weight in relation to your height. |
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What is the calculation for BMI? |
Kilograms/squared height in meters |
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What are the comorbidities of morbid obesity? |
Reduced lifespan, increased Alzheimer's, brain changes associated with cognitive decline, arthritis, stroke, colon cancer, heart disease, sleep apnea, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, venous stasis disease |
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What are some myths about obesity? |
Lack of impulse control, poor eating styles, temptation to eat, learned behavior in children, heredity and genetics play a role |
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What is the heritability of obesity? |
50-90% |
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What are the genes associated with obesity? |
ob, db, FTO |
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Epigenetics |
The study of changes in organism cause by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself |
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BMR (basal metabolic rate) |
Energy require to fuel the brain and the body, 75% of energy expenditure at rest
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Sweet taste and difference in obese subjects |
Individuals who were considered obese have less sensitivity to sweet and fatty foods; require more food to reach satiety |
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Treatments for obesity |
Dietary restriction coupled with exercise is very effective. Medication is not as effective. You can treat obesity as an addition. Gastric bypass surgery is effective but risky. |
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Anorexia |
An eating disorder characterized by intake restriction and low weight |
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Bulimia |
An eating disorder characterized by binging and purging, regular rate, and a high relapse. |
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Binge-eating disorder |
An eating disorder characterized by eating large meals and high weight. |
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Environmental and genetic contributors to anorexia |
Cultural emphasis on thinness; the incidence is higher in females who experience more pressure. Heritability: 56% for anorexia, 54-83% for bulimia, 45% for binge eating disorder |
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Neurotransmitters related to eating disorders |
Serotonin, dopamine, and cannabinoids; Reduced serotonin activity in bulimia, low activity in cannabinoid and dopamine reward systems. |
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Emotion |
A natural instinctive state of mind deriving from one's circumstances, mood, or relationships with others. |
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What nervous system branch is involved in emotion? |
Autonomic |
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James-Lange Theory |
Situation causes a physiological reaction which is then interpreted as emotion |
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Cognitive Theory |
Cognitive appraisal determines emotion, physiological arousal determines intensity. |
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Results of posed facial expression |
Posed expression could produce the intended emotion, and a distinct pattern of physiological arousal |
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Results of Botox injections |
Women with Botox paralysis of facial muscles reported less negative moods and produced less amygdala activity when imitating angry expressions |
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Mirror Neurons |
Respond while observing a specific and act and also respond while performing the same act |
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Prefrontal Cortex |
Damage to this area correlated to inability to understand consequences of risky behavior |
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Amygdala |
Damage to this area correlated with likelihood to take bigger risks with smaller potential gains |
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Right hemisphere |
Negative emotions; damage to such causes euphoria even when bad things happen, have trouble recognizing emotion in faces and voice |
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Left hemisphere |
Positive emotions; Damage to such causes anxiety and sadness about life |
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Immune system |
cells and cell products that kill infected and/or malignant cells, protect the body against foreign substances, including bacteria and viruses
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Macrophages |
Ingest invaders, display antigens which attract T cells |
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T Cells |
Multiply and attack invaders |
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B Cells |
Make antibodies, which destroy intruders. |
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Natural Killer Cells |
Attack cells containing viruses, certain kinds of tumor cells. |
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Microglia |
Ingest invaders, display antigens to attract T cells in brain, spinal cord |
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Anterior cingulate |
Emotional pain center |
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Aggression |
Behavior that is intended to harm |
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What are the two forms of aggression? |
Predatory and affective |
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Hormone relationship with aggression |
Testosterone and estrogen are only some of the influence on aggression |
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Offensive aggression |
Unprovoked attack on another animal |
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Defensive aggression |
Response to threat, motivated by fear |
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What are the neurotransmitters associated with aggression? |
High levels of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex and GABA inhibits this; serotonin |
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Genetic Contributions to Aggression |
Up to 50% of the variations in aggression among people is of genetic origin |
