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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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glaucoma drug- epinephrine
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- alpha 1 effects decrease aqueous humor synthesis due to vasoconstriction
USE FOR OPEN ANGLE ONLY tox: mydriasis, stinging, |
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glaucoma drug- brimonidine
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- decrease aqueous humor synthesis
- use for open angle glaucoma |
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glaucoma drugs- beta blockers
timolol, betaxolol, carteolol |
- decrease aqueous humor secretion
- use for open angle glaucoma |
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glaucoma drugs- diuretics
acetazolamide |
- decrease aqueous humor secretion due to decreased HCO3 (b/c it is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor)
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glaucoma drugs- cholinomimetics
pilocarpine- muscarinic AGonist carbachol- binds ACh receptor acts like an AGonist phystogmine- reversible cholinesterase inhibitor echothiophate- binds cholinesterase |
- increase outflow of aqueous humor, contract ciliary muscle and open trabecular meshwork
tox- miosis, cyclospasm |
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glaucoma drug- prostaglandin
latanoprost |
PGF2alpha
- increase outflow of aqueous humor tox: darkens color of iris - use for open angle glaucoma |
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opiod analgesics
morphine, codeine, fentanyl, heroin, methadone, meperidine, dextromethorphan |
- agonist at opiod receptors. decrease synaptic transmission (open K channels, close Ca channels)
- used for pain, cough suppression, diarrhea, acute pulm edema, maintenance program for addicts -tox: addiction, respiratory depression, constipation, meiosis miperidine good fir cholecstitis. no myosis, no tachy |
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butorphanol
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- partial agonist at opioid mu receptor, agonist at kappa
-used for pain tox: withdrawal if on full opiod agonist |
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tramadol
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- very weak opiod agonist. also inhibits serotonin and NE reuptake
- used for chronic pain - tox- decreases seizure threshold |
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epilepsy drug- phenytoin
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- increase Na channel inactivation
- used for seizures & seizure prophylaxis. NOT USED for absence seizures tox: nystagmus, diplopia, ataxia, sedation, *gingival hyperplasia*, hirsutism, *megaloblastic anemia*, *teratogenesis*, *SLE-like syndrome*, INDUCES P450 phenytoin can also fall into the 1B category |
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epilepsy drug- carbamazepine
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- increase Na channel inactivation
- used for simple/complex partial seizures, tonic clonic seizures. also used for trigeminal neuralgia - tox: diplopia, ataxia, AGRANULOCYTOSIS, APLASTIC ANEMIA, liver tox, teratogenesis, induces P450 |
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epilepsy drug- lamotrigine
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- blocks voltage gated Na channels
-used for simple/complex partial seizures and tonic-clonic - tox: stevens-johnson syndrome |
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epilepsy drug- gabapentin
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- increase GABA release
- used for simple/complex partial and tonic-clonic -tox: sedation, ataxia |
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epilepsy drug- topiramate
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- blocks Na channels/ increases GABA action
- used for simple/complex, tonic-clonic - tox: sedation, mental dulling, kidney stones, weight loss |
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epilepsy drug- phenobarbitol
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- increase GABAa action
- used for simple/complex/tonic-clonic seizures - tox: sedation, tolerance, dependence, induces P450 |
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epilepsy drug- valproic acid
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- increase Na channel inactivation/ increase GABA concentration
- used for simple/complex/tonic-clonic - tox: GI distress, fatal hepatotoxicity (rare), neural tube defects, tremor, weight gain, no no for preggies |
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epilepsy drug- ethosuximide
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- blocks thalamic T-type Ca channels
- used specifically for absence seizures - tox: Gi distress, fatigue, headache, urticaria, stevens-johnson |
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benzodiazepines (mostly end in "am" "lam", or "pam"
lorazepam, diazepam. triazolam, temazepam, oxazepam, midazolam, chlordiazepoxide, alprazolam |
- increase GABA action by increasing the FREQUENCY of Cl channel opening.
- used for status epilepticus, anxiety, detox, night terrors, sleepwalking tox: decrease REM sleep, sedation, tolerance, dependence treat overdose with FLUMAZENIL |
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inhaled anasthetics- end in "ane"
halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, methoxyflurane, nitrous oxide |
- mechanism unkown
effects: myocardial depression, resp depression, nausea/emesis, increased cerebral blood flow - tox: Hepatoxicity (Halothane), nephrotoxicity (methoxyflurane), proconvulsant (enflurane), malignant hyperthermia, expansion of trapped gas (N20) |
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IV anasthetics-
barbituates- thiopental benzos- midazolam ketamine opioids propofol |
- midazolam used for endoscopy.
- ketamine is a pcp analog that blocks NMDA receptors |
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local anesthetics- 2 types:
1. Esters- procaine, cocaine, tetracaine 2. Amides- 2 Is. IdocaIne, mepivacaine, bupivacaine |
- block activated Na channels (preferentially bind to activated ones)
- in infected (acidic) tissue, you need to use more cuz akaline anasthetics are charged and cannot penetrate as effectively - lose pain, then temp, touch, pressure last. size factor predominates for fibers that get fucked up first. myelination too - used for minor surgical procedures, spinal anesthesia - tox: CNS excitation, cardiovascular toxicity, HTN, arrythmias |
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depolarzing neuromuscular blockers
succinylcholine |
- used to induce muscle paralysis
phase 1- prolonged depolarization pahse 2- repolarized but blocked - complications include hypercalcemia, hyperkalemia (peaked t waves, widening QRS) causes malignant hyperthermia with halothane |
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nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers
tubocurarine, atracurium, mivacurium, pancuronium, vecuronium, rocuronium |
- competitively inhibit ACh receptors
- reverse blockade with edrophonium, neostigmine, and cholinesterase inhibitors |
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dantrolene
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- prevents release of Ca from sarcoplasmic reticulum
- used for tx of malignant hyperthermia |
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parkinson's drug- dopamine agonist
bromocriptine, pramipexole, ropinirole, amantadine l-dopa, carbidopa |
- agonize dopamine receptors
- l-dopa converted to dopamine in CNS, carbidopa converted to DA in PNS tox: with l-dopa, arrythmias from peripheral conversion to dopamine |
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parkinson drugs that prevent dopamine breakdown
selegiline, entacapone, tolcapone |
selegiline (MAO type B inhibitor)
tolcapine is a COMT inhibitor |
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benztropine,
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-antimuscarinic (like atropine) curb excess cholinergic activity in parkinson's. improves tremor & rigidity
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sumatriptan
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- serotonin AGonist
- causes vasoconstriciton (↑ BP) inhibition of trigeminal acitvation and vasoactive peptide release -used for acute migraine, cluster headaches tox: coronary vasospasm (DON'T give to people with CAD/prinzmetal angina) can cause HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS |
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alzheimer's drugs
memantine donepezil |
memantine- NMDA receptor antagonist, helps prevent excitotoxicity
tox: dizziness, confusion, hallucination donepezil- acetylcholinesterase inhibitor tox: nausea, dizziness, insomnia |
