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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Argyll-Robertson Pupils
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Bilateral Damage to Pretectal Area Midbrain Neurons (e.g Neurosyphilis)
Pupils are non-reactive to light (Pupils remain active to accommodation as this is controlled by Supraoculomotor Area) |
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Horner's Syndrome
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Damage to Superior Cervical Ganglion or its Axons
1) Miosis (pupil constriction) 2) Anhidrosis (loss of sweating) 3) Pseudoptosis (mild eyelid 4) Enopthalmosis (sunken eye) 5) Flushing of the Face Due to fact that Superior Cervical Ganglion is involved in: 1) Pupillary Dark Response 2) Face Vasculature 3) Sweat Glands 4) Lachrymal Glands 5) Eyelid Tarsal Muscles |
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Presbyopia
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Difficulty with Near Vision
Due to loss of lens accommodation with aging. Results from structural changes in lens which impedes accommodation. Corrected via Convex Half Lens |
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What would be the result of damage to the RIGHT Frontal Eye Field?
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Transient inability to look left!
Eventually, the Superior Colliculus could partially compensate for this loss! |
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Lateral Gaze Paralysis
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Due to Damage of Abducens Nucleus!
During an attempted Lateral Gaze to the damaged side, BOTH eyes CANNOT be moved beyond the midline At rest, Medial strabismus in eye ipsilateral to damage |
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Hyperopia
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Refractive Power of Lens is TOO WEAK or Eyeball is TOO SHORT = Image focused BEYOND retina
Accommodation used for Distance Vision = "FAR SIGHTED" With aging, has to be corrected with Convex Lens |
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Myopia
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Refractive Power of Lens is TOO STRONG or Eyeball is TOO LONG = Image focused in FRONT of retina
Can focus unaided on near objects but NOT distant objects = "NEAR SIGHTED" Distance vision is corrected with Concave Lenses With aging, Near vision also has to be corrected = Bifocal Lenses w/both Concave and Convex portions! |
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Astigmatism
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Cornea surface is more oblong (normally, it resembles the surface of a sphere)
Distant AND Near objects cannot be focused, corrected with Cylindrical Lenses |
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Vitamin A Deficiency
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Can cause permanent blindness!
Degeneration of Photoreceptors due to Vitamin A deficiency (causing deficiency of all trans retinal, a necessary photopigment)! Can cause night blindness. |
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Retiniits Pigmentosa
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Inherited disorder in which there s a gradual and progressive failure to maintain receptor cells
Can involve rods or cones. |
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Macular Degeneration
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Leading cause of blindness in the elderly!
Visual loss is in the CENTRAL Visual Field Two Types: 1) Dry Form - Intraocular proliferation of cells in the macular area (fovea and surrounding areas) 2) Wet Form - Capillaries of the choroid coat invade the macular area and destroy receptor cells and neurons. Most common treatment = Laser surgery. |
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Retinal Detachment
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Loss of vision in area of detachment of Retina/RPE
Lasers can weld the detachment to prevent it from increasing in size, however it will remain functionally blind. |
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Diabetic Retinopathy
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Microaneurysms and Punctate Hemorrhages in the Retina
Lasers used to seal swollen or leaking blood vessels |
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Damage to Sublenticular Optic Radiations =
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Binocular, Contralesional, SUPERIOR Quadranopia
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Damage to Retrolenticular Optic Radiations =
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Binocular, Contralesional, INFERIOR Quadranopia
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What kind of damage would lead to LOSS of COLOR/FACE recognition?
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Inferior Temporal Gyrus (could involve Posterior Cerebral Artery)
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What kind of damage would lead to LOSS of WRITTEN WORDS and/or PASSAGE COMPREHENSION?
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Superior Temporal Gyrus
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What kind of damage would lead to INABILITY to see MOTION?
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Areas in Parietal Cortex
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What kind of damage would lead to NEGLECT?
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Large areas involving Posterior Parietal Cortex and Superior Temporal Cortex
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