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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Erik Erikson's Theory +Stages (Childhood) |
Psychosocial Development birth-1 Trust vs. Mistrust 1-3 Autonomy vs. Shame 3-6 Initiative vs. Guilt 6-12 Industry vs. Inferiority 12-20 Identity vs. Role Confusion |
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Sigmund Freud's Theory +Stages |
Psychosexual Development birth-1 Oral Gratification 1-3 Anal Stage 3-6 Phallic Stage (becomes aware of self as sexual being) 6-12 Latency Stage (focuses on developing peer relationships) 12-20 Genital Stage (develops relationships with members of opposite sex, gains strong sense of personal identity, plans life goals) |
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Jean Piaget's Theory +Stages |
Cognitive Development birth-2 Sensorimotor 2-7 Preoperational 7-11 Concrete Operation 11-adult Formal Operations |
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Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory +Stages |
Moral Development birth-1 Infant has no sense of right or wrong 1-3 Punishment and obedience orientation 3-6 Preconventional (conforms to rules to avoid punishment) 6-12 Conventional (conforms to please others) 12-20 Postconventional (focuses of individual rights and principles of conscience) |
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Vital Signs - Infant vs 1 Year |
Infant: 97.7-99.5 F 36.5-37.5 C HR: 120-160 RR: 30-60 BP: 73/55
1 Year: 96.8-99 F 36-37.2 C HR: 90-130 RR: 20-40 BP: 90/56 |
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Infant Skills 2-3 months (5) 4-5 months (6)
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2-3 months: Smiles Cries Turns Head Holds head midline follows objects
4-5 months: Grasps objects Rolls over for first time Switches object from hand to hand Enjoys social interaction Begins to show memory Aware of unfamiliar surroundings |
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Infant Skills 6-7 months (7) 8-9 months (4) |
6-7 months: Creeping Sit with support Imitates Holds arms out Exhibits fear of strangers Frequent mood swings Waves bye-bye
8-9 months: Sits without support Crawls May stand while holding support Begins to stand without help |
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Infant Skills 10-11 months (4) 12-13 months (2) 14-15 months (4) |
10-11 months: Can move from prone to sitting Walks while holding furniture Stands securely Entertains self
12-13 months: Walks with one hand held Takes a few steps without falling
14-15 months: Walks alone Can crawl up stairs Shows emotions such as anger and affection Explores away from parent in familiar surroundings |
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Vital Signs - Toddler |
Temp: 97.5-98.6 F 36.4-37 C HR: 80-120 RR: 20-30 BP: 92/55 |
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Toddler Skills (8) |
Walks with hand held by 12-13 months Runs by age 2 Walks backward and 1-footed hops by age 3 Walks up stairs (not alternating feet) Uses short sentences Has vocabulary of 300 words by age 2 Develop fine motor skills (drawing lines, building, undressing) Bowel and bladder control is fairly good by age 3 |
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Vital Signs- Preschooler |
Temp: 97.5-98.6 F 36.4-37 C HR: 70-110 RR: 16-22 BP: 95/57 |
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Skills- Preschooler (5) |
Good posture Fine motor skills and athletic ability Increased skill in balance activities Uses long sentences containing all parts of speech by age 5 Clear and understandable speech and is able to clearly understand others
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Vital Signs- School Aged Child |
Temp: 97.5-98.6 F 36.4-37 C HR: 60-100 RR: 16-20 BP: 107/64 |
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Skills- School Aged Child (3) |
Refinement of fine motor skills Continued development of gross motor skills Increased strength and endurance |
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Vitals- Adolescent |
Temp: 97.5-98.6 F 36.4-37 C HR: 55-90 RR: 16-20 BP: 121/70 |
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Skills- Adolescent (2) |
Gross and fine motor skills are well developed Endurance and strength increase |
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Sleep requirements: Infant Toddler Preschooler School-age Child Adolescent |
infant: sleeps most of the day Toddler: 14 hours Preschooler: 12 hours School Age: 10-12 hours Adolescent: 8 hours |
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Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Adulthood |
Early Adulthood (age 19-40) Intimacy vs. Isolation
Middle Adulthood (age 40-65) Generativity vs. Stagnation
Later Adulthood (age 65 - death) Integrity vs. Despair |
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Average duration of viability for ovum, sperm |
ovum: 12 hours sperm: 2-3 days |
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Timeframe for implantation of zygote after ovulation |
6-10 days |
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Stages of pregnancy and associated weeks |
Embryonic (3-8 weeks) Fetal (9 weeks - birth) |
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Dates of trimesters |
First trimester 0-13 weeks Second trimester 14-26 weeks Third trimester 27-40 weeks |
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Lecithin-to-Sphingomyelin (L/S) Ratio definition normal value |
The ratio between two components of amniotic fluid that are used for predicting fetal lung maturity
The normal L/S ratio in amniotic fluid is 2:1 when fetal lungs are mature |
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Characteristics of week 1 of pregnancy (1) |
Free floating blastocyte |
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Characteristics of weeks 2-3 of pregnancy (5) |
1.5-2mm long lung buds appear blood circulation begins heart is tubular neural plate becomes brain and spinal cord |
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Characteristics of week 5 of pregnancy (5) |
0.4-0.5 cm long weighs 0.4 g double heart chambers are visible heart now beats limb buds begin to form |
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Characteristics of week 8 of pregnancy (6) |
3 cm long weighs 2 g eyelids begin to fuse circulatory system through umbilical cord is well developed every organ system is present |
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Characteristics of week 12 of pregnancy (8) |
6-9 cm long weighs 19 g face is well formed limbs are long and slender kidneys begin to form urine spontaneous movement occurs heartbeat is detectable with doppler (10-12 weeks) sex is visually recognizable
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Characteristics of week 16 of pregnancy (6) |
11.5-13.5 cm long weighs 100 g active movements are present skin is transparent lanugo hair begins to develop skeletal ossification takes places |
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Characteristics of week 20 of pregnancy (7) |
16-18.5 cm long weighs 300 g lanugo covers entire body fetus has fingernails and toenails muscles are developed enamel and dentin are being deposited heartbeat is detectable with regular (non-electric) fetoscope |
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Characteristics of week 24 of pregnancy (7) |
23 cm long weighs 600 g hair on head is well formed skin is reddish and wrinkled reflex hand grasp is functioning vernix caseosa covers entire body fetus can hear |
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Characteristics of week 28 of pregnancy (7) |
27 cm long weighs 1100 g limbs are well flexed brain development is rapid eyelids open and close lungs are developed sufficiently to provide gas exchange (lecithin forming) if born at this time, neonate can breathe |
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Characteristics of week 32 of pregnancy (5) |
31 cm long weighs 1800-2100 g bones are fully developed subcutaneous fat has accumulated lecithin-to-sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio is 1.2:1 |
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Characteristics of week 36 of pregnancy (6) |
35 cm long weighs 2200-2900 g body is rounded skin is pink and less wrinkled lanugo is disappearing L/S ratio is higher than 2:1 |
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Characteristics of week 40 of pregnancy (8) |
40 cm long weighs 3200 g or more lanugo remains on upper arms and shoulders vernix caseosa coverage is decreased fingernails extend beyond fingertips sole (plantar) creases run down to heels testes are in scrotum/labia majora are well developed |
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Amnion |
Inner membrane that encloses amniotic cavity Appears around second week of embryonic development Forms fluid filled sac around embryo/fetus
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Chorion |
Outer membrane around amniotic sac becomes vascularized and forms the fetal part of the placenta |
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Functions of the amniotic fluid (4) |
Surrounds/cushions/protects fetus Permits fetal movement Maintains fetal body temperature A measure of fetal kidney function as it largely consists of fetal urine |
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Placenta time of development functions (4) |
Developed by third month of gestation
Allows for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between mother and fetus Produces hormones to maintain pregnancy Allows for transfer of maternal immunoglobulins to fetus Allows for genetic testing by 8 weeks gestation |
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Umbilical Cord |
Contains two arteries and one vein
Arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the placenta
Vein carries oxygenated blood to fetus |
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Fetal Heart Rate (FHR) |
first trimester: 160-170 beats/min 120-160 near or at term slows with fetal growth FHR is approximately twice the maternal HR |
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Components of Fetal Circulation Bypass |
Ductus Arteriosis Ductus Venosus Foramen Ovale |
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Ductus Arteriosis |
Connects pulmonary artery to aorta, bypassing lungs |
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Ductus Venosus |
Connects umbilical vein to inferior vena cava, bypassing liver |
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Foramen Ovale |
Opening between atrias of the fetal heart, bypassing the lungs |
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Nagele's Rule |
Used to determine estimated due date:
Take first day of last menstrual period (LMP) Subtract 3 months Add 7 days |
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Types of Pelvises Gynecoid Anthropoid Android Platypelloid |
normal female pevis transversely rounded or blunt favorable for labor
oval adequate outlet and normal or moderately narrow pubic arch
wedge shaped or angulated seen in males not favorable for labor narrow pelvic plane conducive to slow decent and midpelvic arrest
flat with oval inset wide transverse diameter but short anteroposterior diameter, making outlet inadequate for birth |
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Gravidity |
Number of pregnancies |
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Parity |
Number of births, whether or not the fetus is born alive, that occur past 20 weeks gestation |
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GTPAL |
Gravidity Term Births Preterm Births Abortions/Miscarriage Living Children |
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Probable Signs of Pregnancy (6) |
Uterine enlargement Hegar's sign Goodall Sign Chadwick Sign Ballottement Positive hCG pregnancy test |
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Positive Signs of Pregnancy (3) |
Fetal heart rate Active fetal movements palpable by examiner Outline of fetus on ultrasound |
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Fundal height at: 16 weeks 20-22 weeks 36 weeks throughout 2nd and 3rd trimester |
fundus midway between symphosis pubis and umbilicus
fundus at umbilicus
fundus at xiphoid process
fundal height approximately equal to weeks gestation, plus or minus 2 cm. |
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Biophysical Profile |
count fetal breath movements, fetal movements, fetal tone, amniotic fluid index, and FHR through the use of a non stress test.
normal findings indicate that the fetal CNS is functioning |
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Percutaneous Umbilical Blood Sampling |
fetal blood is drawn from umbilical vessel using a needle guided with ultrasound.
requires FHR monitoring for 1 hour post, and an ultrasound to check for bleeding or hematoma 1 hour post procedure |
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a-Fetoprotein (AFP) Test |
determined with the use of a single maternal blood sample. Increased fetal protein indicates neural tube defect, abdominal wall defect, or Down syndrome |
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Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) |
detects genetic abnormalities by taking a small sample of chorionic villus tissue and 10-13 weeks.
Can increase risk of Rh sensitization in Rho negative women, Rho immune globins may be given. |
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Amniocentesis |
amniotic fluid is aspirated between 15-20 weeks to enable detection of genetic disorders, metabolic disorders, and to assess fetal lung maturity |
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Fern Test |
simple test used to determine in amniotic fluid is leaking. client is positioned in lithotomy position, instructed to cough. Sterile technique is used to take a sample form the external portion of the cervix and vaginal pool, then examined under microscope.
Fernlike pattern indicates positive presence of amniotic fluid |
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Nitrazine Test |
Nitrazine strips are used to test fluid from vaginal cervical pool. Vaginal secretions have a pH of 4.5-5.5 and do not affect yellow nitrazine strip. Amniotic fluid has pH of 7-7.5 and turns yellow strips blue. |
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Nonstress Test (NST) |
FHR monitor is applied, fetal movements are monitored. 2 or more FHR increases of 15 beats/minute for at least 15 seconds in a 20 minute period is a reactive, or normal result. |
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Contraction Stress Test |
Used to assess placental oxygenation and function. helps to determine fetal ability to tolerate labor. Fetus is exposed to simulated labor contractions to assess the adequacy of placental perfusion under simulated labor conditions. Delayed fetal HR decelerations in less than 50% of contractions is favorable. performed if nonstress test is nonreactive. |
