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202 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which of the following structures leave each indlvlduallymph node at the hilus?
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Efferent vessels
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All of the following statements concerning the lymphatic system are true EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION!
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Just like the circulatory system, the lymphatic system has a central 'heart-like' organ to pump lymph throughout the lymph vessels
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Which of the foUowing develops immature T cells into immunocompetent T cells?
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Thymus
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Wbich of the following lymph node groups extend from tbe base of the skull to the root of the neck?
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Deep cervical lymph nodes
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When antigen recognition occurs by a lymphocyte, B ceDs are activated and migrate to which area of the lymph node?
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Germinal Centers
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The most prominent functional component in the tunica media of large arteries is the:
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Elastic Fibers
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The most prominent functional component in the tunica media of small arteries is the:
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smooth muscle cells.
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innermost layer of blood vessels, consists of a layer of simple squamous epitheliwn (called endothelium) and a thin connective-tissue basement membrane. The endothelium of this layer is the only layer present in vessels of all sizes.
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Tunica intima
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middle layer of blood vessels, is usually very thick in arteries, and consists of smooth muscle fibers mixed with elastic fibers. Increases or decreases lumen diameter
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affects blood pressure.
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outer layer od blood vessels an outer layer of connective tissue, containing elastic and collagenous fibers.
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Tunica adventitia
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The tunica adventitia of the larger vessels is infiltrated with a system of tiny blood vessels called
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vasa vasorum ("vessels ofthe vessels ") that nourish the more external tissues of the blood vessel wall.
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No tunica media or adventitia is present in which type of blood vessel that exchanges substances via diffusion?
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capillaries
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Through capillary walls, which consist of a single layer of endothelial cells, blood and tissue cells exchange
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gases and metabolites.
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____ are tiny blood vessels with extremely thin walls that consist of endothelium only
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no tunica media or adventitia is present. They join arterioles and venules. These blood vessels accommodate erythrocytes one at a time.
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In certain structures (liver. spleen, bone marrow, and certain glands), the arterioles, rather than connecting with capillaries, empty into blood vessels called
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sinusoids
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They have very, very thin walls that conform to the space in which they are located (form irregular tortuous tubes).
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sinusoids
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The velocity of blood flow is _____ in capillaries.
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slowest
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A decrease in vessel diameter causes an ______ in resistance to blood flow.
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increase
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Which artery supplies the liver with oxygenated blood?
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Hepatic artery
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The hepatic artery brings oxygenated blood to the liver, while the ______ brings food-laden blood from the abdominal viscera.
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hepatic portal vein
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What is formed by the union of superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein
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The hepatic portal vein
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All the blood supplied to the liver from the hepatic arteries and the portal vein eventually drains via the hepatic veins to the
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inferior vena cava.
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The most unusual aspect of hepatic circulation is that all the blood supplied to the liver from the hepatic arteries and the portal vein empties into the same
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sinusoids
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The greatest drop in blood pressure is seen at the transition from:
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Arteries to Arterioles
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Which of the following salivary glands does the facial artery supply?
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submandibular
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What supplies blood to the face, tonsils, palate, labial glands, and muscles of the lips.
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Facial artery
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What also supplies the submandibular gland, the ala and dorsum of the nose, and the muscles of facial expression.
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Facial artery
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The facial artery originates in the
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external carotid artery
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The two terminal branches of the external carotid artery are
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the superficial temporal artery and the maxillary artery.
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Cervical Branches of the facial artery
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tonsillar, ascending palatine, glandular, submental
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Facial Branches of the facial artery
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inferior labial, superior labial, lateral nasal, angular
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Which artery does not accompany the corresponding nerve throughout its course?
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lingual artery
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What artery arises from the anterior surface of the external carotid artery, opposite the tip of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone.
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The lingual artery
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what loops upward and then passes deep to the posterior border of the hyoglossus muscle to enter the submandibular region.
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The lingual artery
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The lingual artery loop is crossed superficially by the
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hypoglossal nerve.
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What loop supplies blood to the tongue, suprahyoid region, sublingual gland, palatine tonsils, and floor of the mouth.
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lingual artery loop
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In the oral region, the lingual artery usually is found between
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the hyoglossus and genioglossus muscles.
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Branches of the lingual artery include
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the suprahyoid, dorsal lingual, sublingual, and deep lingual branches.
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(pterygomandibular space).
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The inferior alveolar vein, artery, and nerve along with the lingual nerve
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The injection site for the inferior alveolar nerve block is probed with a cotton tip applicator at the depth of the
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pterygomandibular space on the medial surface of the ramus.
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In the ER, a car-accident victim who hit his face on the steering wheel arrives bleeding profusely from the mouth and nose. Upon examination, the physician discovers that along with avulsed teeth, his hard palate is fractured and the incisive foramen is obliterated. Which artery emerges from the incisive foramen?
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nasopalatine artery.
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In the pterygopalatine fossa, the maxillary artery gives rise to
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descending palatine artery,
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the descending palatine artery, which travels to the palate through the pterygopalatine canal, which then terminates in both the
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greater palatine artery and lesser palatine artery by way of the greater and lesser palatine fonnamina to supply the hard and soft palates, respectively.
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The maxillary artery ends by becoming the
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sphenopalatine artery,
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What artery which supplies the nasal cavity.
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sphenopalatine artery,
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The sphenopalatine artery gives rise to the
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posterior lateral nasal branches and septal branches, including a nasopalatine branch
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What supplies the mucosa of the hard palate posterior to the maxillary canine.
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The greater palatine artery
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What supplies the mucosa of the hard palate anterior to the maxillary canine.
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nasopalatine artery.
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The soft palate and tonsils are supplied by the
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lesser palatine artery.
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Examination of a patient with an ulcerative carcinoma of the posterior third of the tongue revealed bleeding from the lesion and difficulty swallowing (dysphagia). The bleeding was seen to be arterial
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which of the following arteries was involved?
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What runs on the superficial surface ofthe tongue --it is a branch ofthe lingual artery that delivers blood to the posterior superficial tongue.
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dorsal lingual artery
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The tongue is supplied by the
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the lingual artery. the tonsillar branch of the facial artery. and the ascending pharyngeal artery.
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The lingual artery arises from the
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external carotid artery at the level of the tip of the greater horn of the hyoid bone in the carotid triangle.
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Branches of lingual artery
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dorsal lingual, suprahyoid, sublingual ,deep lingual
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supplies the base and body of the tongue (posterior superficial tongue)
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dorsal lingual artery
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supplies the suprahyoid muscles
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suprahyoid artery
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supplies the mylohyoid muscle, sublingual salivary gland. and mucous membranes of the floor of the mouth
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sublingual artery
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supplies the apex of the tongue
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deep lingual aretry
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Motor innervation of tongue
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hypoglossal nerve (CN XII).
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Sensory innervation of tongue
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lingual (branch of trigeminal eN V-3) , glossopharyngeal (CNIX), vagus (CN X) through the internal laryngeal nerve,
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Taste of tongue
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facial (CN VII) via chorda tympani supplies the anterior two-thirds
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What is a branch of the facial artery that also supplies blood to the palatine tonsil.
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tonsillar artery
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What is the smallest branch of the external carotid artery
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ascending pharyngeal artery
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What arise from a common trunk of the external carotid artery
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lingual artery and facial artery
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Which branch of the maxillary artery runs through the foramen spinosum and is implicated in epidural hematomas?
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Middle meningeal artery:
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What is the larger terminal branch of the external carotid artery. It begins at the neck of the mandibular condyle within the parotid gland.
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The maxillary artery
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Branches of the maxillary artery in the infratemporal fossa
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Inferior alveolar artery, Middle meningeal artery
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Branches of the maxillary artery in the pterygopalatine fossa
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Posterior superior alveolar artery, Infraorbital artery, Greater palatine artery, Pharyngeal branch, Sphenopalatine artery
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What follows the inferior alveolar nerve into the mandibular canal and supplies tissues of the chin and lower teeth
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Inferior alveolar artery
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What is an important artery that passes upward behind the mandibular nerve. The arteryenters the skull through the foramen spinosum. This artery supplies the meninges within the skull. Note: Damage results in an epidural hematoma.
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Middle meningeal artery
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What supplies the maxillary sinus and the molar and premolar teeth
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Posterior superior alveolar artery
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What artery enters the orbital cavity through the inferior orbital fissure
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Infraorbital artery
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What supplies the mucosa of the hard palate posterior to the maxillary canine
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Greater palatine artery
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What supplies the mucous membrane of the roof of the nasopharynx
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Pharyngeal branch
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What supplies the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity. It is the terminal branch of the maxillary artery. Note: Damage results in epistaxis (nosebleed)
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Sphenopalatine artery
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What divides the maxillary artery into three sections: the mandibular, pterygoid, and pterygopalatine.
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lateral pterygoid muscle
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. indirectly from the:
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Celiac trunk (artery)
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The celiac artery takes its origin from the
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abdominal aorta just below the diaphragm at about the level of the twelfth thoracic vertebra.
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The celiac artery is surrounded by the
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celiac plexus and lies behind the lesser sac of peritoneum.
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The celiac artery has three terminal branches, name them?
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splenic, left gastric, and· hepatic arteries.
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Splenic artery supplies
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Spleen
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What arises from splenic artery at the hilum of the spleen to supply the greater curvature of stomach.
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Left gastroepiploic artery
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fundus of stomach.
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Short gastrics artery
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What arises from the celiac artery to supply the lesser curvature of stomach and the lower third of the esophagus.
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Left gastric artery
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Hepatic artery supplies
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Liver
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Branches of Hepatic artery
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Right and left hepatic artery
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What arises from right hepatic artery to supply the gallbladder.
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cystic artery
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What arises from the hepatic artery at the upper border of the pylorus to supply the lesser curvature of stomach.
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right gastric artery
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What large branch of hepatic artery supplies the pancreas and duodenum
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gastroduodenal artery
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What supplies greater curvature of the stomach.
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right gastroepiploic artery
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What supplies the upper half of the duodenum
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superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
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The Internal thoracic artery ends in the sixth Intercostal space by dividing into the:
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Superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries
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What supplies the anterior wall of the body from the clavicle to the umbilicus.
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The internal thoracic artery
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What is a branch of the first part of the subclavian artery in the neck
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The internal thoracic artery
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This artery descends vertically on the pleura behind the costal cartilages, just lateral to the sternum, and ends in the sixth intercostal space by dividing into the superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries.
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The internal thoracic artery
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Branches of the internal thoracic artery include
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Two anterior intercostal arteries, pericardiacophrenic artery, Perforating arteries, Mediastinal arteries, superior epigastric artery, musculophrenic artery.
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What is a branch of the external iliac artery, anastomoses with the superior epigastric artery in the rectus sheath in the area of the umbilicus
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inferior epigastric artery
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What artery supplies for the upper six intercostal spaces
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Two anterior intercostal arteries
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What accompanies the terminal branches of the corresponding intercostal nerves
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Perforating arteries
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What accompanies the phrenic nerve and supplies the pericardium
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pericardiacophrenic artery
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What supplies to the contents of the anterior mediastinum, for example, the thymus gland
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Mediastinal arteries
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What enters the rectus sheath and supplies the rectus muscle as far as the umbilicus
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superior epigastric artery
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What runs around the costal margin of the diaphragm and supplies the lower intercostal spaces and the diaphragm
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musculophrenic artery
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The abdominal aorta terminates by dividing into the common Illiac arteries and the middle sacral artery at what vertebral level?
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L4
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What is the main trunk of a series of vessels that convey the oxygenated blood to the tissues of the body for their nutrition.
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Aorta
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At the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra, the aorta divides into
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the two common iliac arteries
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The characteristic feature of the aorta is that it contains a lot of
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elastic fibers in its tunica media (middle layer of blood vessel wall).
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the aorta is traditionally divided into
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the ascending aorta, the aortic arch, and the descending aorta.
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The descending aorta is, in tum, subdivided
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into the thoracic aorta (that descends within the chest) and the abdominal aorta (that descends within the abdomen).
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a short vessel that starts at the aortic opening of the left ventricle.
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ascending aorta
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The ascending aorta's only branches are the
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right and left coronary arteries, which supply the heart muscle.
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What gives rise to three arterial branches in aorta
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Aortic arch
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The Aortic arch gives rise to three arterial branches:
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the brachiocephalic, the left common carotid, and the left subclavian. These arteries furnish all of the blood to the head, neck, and upper limbs.
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What extends from T4 to TI2 (lies in the posterior mediastinum). All of the arterial branches (posterior intercostal. subcostal arteries) from this part are small. They supply the thorax and the diaphragm.
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Thoracic portion of the descending aorta
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What extends from T 12 to L4, where the descending aorta terminates by dividing into the two common iliac arteries and a small middle sacral artery. Arteries from this area supply the abdomen and pelvic region as well as the lower limbs.
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Abdominal portion of the descending aorta
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As a result of curiosity, a 2-year-old boy decides to stick a sharp object up his nose and causes a nosebleed (epistaxis) of the anteroinferior pordon of the nasal septum. Tbis bleeding involves the septal brancbes of tbe:
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Sphenopalatine and facial arteries
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The arterial blood supply to the nasal cavity is derived mainly from branches of the
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maxillary artery
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The most important branch of the maxillary artery
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sphenopalatine artery
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What enters the nasal cavity through the sphenopalatine foramen.
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sphenopalatine artery
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What artery is the terminal branch of the maxillary artery.
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sphenopalatine artery
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What anastomoses with the septal branch of the superior labial branch of the facial artery in the region of the vestibule, which is a very common site of bleeding from the nose.
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sphenopalatine artery
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Name other small arteries that supply blood to the nasal cavity ?
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The descending palatine branch of the maxillary artery
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What is a branch of the internal carotid artery.
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ophthalmic artery
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What is one of the terminal arteries of the external carotid.
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maxillary artery
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What is a cone-shaped paired depression deep to the infratemporal fossa.
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pterygopalatine fossa
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What is located between the pterygoid process and the maxillary tuberosity, close to the apex of the orbit.
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pterygopalatine fossa
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This fossa contains the maxillary artery and nerve and their branches arising here, including the infraorbital and sphenopalatine arteries, the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve and branches, and the pterygopalatine ganglion.
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pterygopalatine fossa
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The pterygopalatine fossa communicates laterally with the infratemporal fossa through the
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tpterygomaxillary fissure,
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The pterygopalatine fossa communicates medially with the nasal cavity through the
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sphenopalatine foramen
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The pterygopalatine fossa communicates superiorly with the skull through the
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foramen rotundum
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The pterygopalatine fossa communicates anteriorly with the orbit through the
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inferior orbital fissure.
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The upper half of the duodenum is supplied by what ,a branch of the gastroduodenal artery.
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Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
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The lower half of the duodenum is supplied by what, a branch of the superior mesenteric artery.
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inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
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The arterial supply of the jejunum and ileum is from branches of the
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superior mesenteric artery
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The lowest part of the ileum is supplied by the
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ileocolic artery
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The large intestine is divided into
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the cecum, the appendix, the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon.
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Blood supply to Cecum
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the arterial blood supply is from the anterior and posterior cecal arteries, which are branches of the ileocolic artery, a branch of the superior mesenteric artery
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Blood supply to Appendix
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the arterial supply is by means of the appendicular artery, a branch of the posterior cecal artery
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Blood supply to Ascending colon
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the arterial blood supply is from the ileocolic and right colic branches of the superior mesenteric artery
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Blood supply to Transverse colon
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the arterial blood supply of the proximal two-thirds is from the middle colic artery, a branch of the superior mesenteric artery. The distal third is supplied by the left colic artery, a branch of the inferior mesenteric artery
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Blood supply to Descending colon
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the arterial blood supply is from the left colic and sigmoid branches of the inferior mesenteric artery
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Blood supply to Sigmoid colon
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the arterial blood supply is from the sigmoid branches of the inferior mesenteric artery
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The arterial blood supply to the rectum
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superior, middle, and inferior rectal arteries.
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The arterial blood supply to the anus (anal canal)
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superior and inferior rectal arteries
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The left subclavian, left carotid, and bracbiocephalic artery are branches of the:
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Aortic arch
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What lies behind the manubrium sterni and arches upward, backward, and to the left in front of the trachea (its main direction is backward).
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Aortic arch
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What passes downward to the left of the trachea, and at the level of the sternal angle become continuous with the descending aorta.
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Aortic arch
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What is an extremely short artery and is the first branch from the aortic arch
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brachiocephalic artery
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This artery passes upward and to the right of the trachea and divides into the right common carotid and right subclavian arteries behind the right sternoclavicular joint.
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brachiocephalic artery
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What arises from the convex surface of the aortic arch on the left side of the brachiocephalic artery. The left common carotid artery runs upward and to the left of the trachea and enters the neck behind the left sternoclavicular joint.
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left common carotid artery
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What arises from the aortic arch behind the left common carotid artery. The left subclavian artery runs upward along the left side of the trachea and the esophagus to enter the root of the neck. This artery arches over the apex of the left lung
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left subclavian artery
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How many brachiocephalic veins are there?
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two (right and left)
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How many brachiocephalic arteries are there?
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one
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he upper limbs are supplied by the
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subclavian arteries (both right and left).
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The head and neck are supplied by the
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right and left common carotid arteries.
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EXCEPT one. Whicb one is tbe EXCEPTION?
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The common carotid arteries are the same in length
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the common carotid and subclavian arteries are both branches from the
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brachiocephalic artery.
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to the upper border of the thyroid cartilage.
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common carotid artery
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The common carotid artery travels in a sheath deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle which also contains
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internal jugular vein and the vagus nerve.
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The common carotid artery ends by dividing into
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the internal and external carotid arteries at about the level of the larynx.
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What branches supply the structures inside the cranial cavity.
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internal carotid
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What gives rise to the ophthalmic artery?
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internal carotid
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What is the major blood supply of the orbit and eye, that enters the orbit through the optic foramen (canal) with the optic nerve.
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ophthalmic artery
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The internal carotid ends by dividing into
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the anterior and middle cerebral arteries that contribute to the great cerebral circle (of Willis).
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cranial cavity.
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external carotid
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What are the anterior branches of external carotid
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Superior thyroid artery, Lingual artery, Facial artery , Maxillary artery
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What are the posterior branches of external carotid
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Ascending pharyngeal artery, Occipital artery, Posterior auricular artery, Superficial temporal artery
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What arises lateral to the common carotid artery.
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subclavian artery
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Which artery gives off branches to supply both intracranial and extracranial structures, but its major destination is the upper extremity (arm).
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subclavian artery
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On the left side of the body what arteries arise from the arch of the aorta in the superior mediastinum.
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left common carotid and left subclavian
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Which artery supplies the muscles of mastication, the maxillary and mandibular teeth, the palate, and almost all of the nasal cavity?
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Maxillary artery
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causing the diplopia. Name the projection of the ethmoid bone that collapsed:
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Lamina papyracea
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All statements concerning tbe spbenoid bone are true EXCEPT one.Which one is tbe EXCEPTION?
|
The medial pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone provide attachment sites for two muscles of mastication
|
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Bone in the mandible develops by:
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Intramembranous ossification
|
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The seven unpaired bones of skull are
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frontal, ethmoid. occipital. sphenoid, mandible, vomer, and hyoid bones.
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The 10 paired bones of the skull are
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temporal bones, including the tiny middle ear bones (ossicles) of the malleus, incus, and stapes (hammer. anvil. and stirrup). parietal, lacrimal. nasal, zygomatic. palatine, and maxillary bones.
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Which bone is exceedingly light and spongy, and cubical in shape
|
this bone is situated at the anterior part of the base of the cranium, between the two orbits, at the roof of the nose, and contributes to each of these cavities.
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What are the four parts of the ethmoid bone
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a horizontal or cribriform plate, forming part of the base of the cranium
|
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What contains many olfactory foramina. The olfactory nerves pass through these foramina. Note: Damage to this area typically results in the loss of sense of smell.
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Cribriform plate
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The ______ is a midline projection from the perpendicular plate that serves as an attachment for the falx cerebri
|
crista galli
|
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What project downward from the cribriform plate.
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Lateral masses (right and left)
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What contain the ethmoid sinuses and the orbital plate of the ethmoid bone (lamina papyracea).
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Lateral masses (right and left)
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What forms forms the paper-thin medial wall of the orbit.
|
lamina papyracea
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What are scroll-like projections that extend medially from the lateral masses into the nasal cavity.
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The superior and middle nasal conchae
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Each ethmoidal sinus is divided into
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anterior, middle, and posterior ethmoidal air
|
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plate of the
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frontal bone.
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Posteriorly, the superior wall is formed by the
|
lesser wing of the sphenoid bone.
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What provides the origin for both the lateral and the medial pterygoid muscles.
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The lateral pterygoid plate
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What is situated at the base of the skull in front of the temporal and basilar part of the occipital bone.
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The sphenoid bone
|
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What is divided into a median portion or body, two great and two small wings extending outward from the sides of the body, and two pterygoid processes that project from the bone below.
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The sphenoid bone
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What Contains the sella turcica, which houses the pituitary gland and the sphenoidal sinuses.
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Hollow body
|
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Help to form the lateral wall of the orbit and the roof of the infratemporal fossa. Contain foramen rotundum: transmits maxillary nerve (V-2), foramen ovale: transmits mandibular nerve (V-3), and foramen spinosum: transmits the middle meningeal vessels and nerves to the tissues covering the brain.
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Greater wings of sphenoid
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Help to form the roof of the orbit and the superior orbital fissure
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contain the optic canal (optic foramen) that transmits the optic nerve (eN II) and ophthalmic artery
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One on either side, descend perpendicularly from the regions where the body and great wings unite. Each process consists of a medial and a lateral plate, the upper parts of which are fused anteriorly
|
a vertical sulcus, the pterygopalatine groove, descends on the front of the line of fusion
|
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bone ossification
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bone formation
|
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The first evidence of bone ossification (bone formation) occurs around
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the eighth week of prenatal development.
|
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endochondral ossification
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going through a cartilaginous stage
|
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intramembranous ossification
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forming directly as bone
|
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endochondral,
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they began as a hyaline cartilage model before they ossify. This takes place within hyaline cartilage.
|
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This type of ossification is principally responsible for the formation of short and long bones.
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endochondral
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The flat bones of the skull and face, the mandible, and the clavicle develop by
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intramembranous ossification.
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Once bone is formed, it grows by
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appositional growth (growth by addition ofnew layers on those previously formed) .
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