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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Baroque Era Years |
1600-1750
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Baroque Definition
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fills the space (canvas, stone, sound) w/ action and movement
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Artists/Authors
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Shakespeare (1564 - 1616), Cervantes (Don Quixote), Rembrant, Stradivarius
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Music in Courts
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often employed an orchestra, chapel choir, and opera singers (18 - 80 staff musicians at any given court) Composers had great pay and prestige, but were still servants and couldn't quit or take a trip w/out their patron's permission
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Music in Churches
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also employed musicians, but they were paid less & had lower status, extra income for weddings and funerals, fine church music established prestige in a city and attracted good musicians
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Opera Houses
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composers could earn extra money for writing operas for Italy. Musicians were often trained first as choirboys in their school, in Italy, they were schools for orphans
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Early Baroque
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focused on homophony (melody/chords) rather than polyphony of Ren. Use of dissonance remained to project extreme emotions
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Middle Baroque
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the church modes were replaced by Major and Minor modes Instrumental music became more popular than vocal
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Late Baroque
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most known today, very polyphonic
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Mood of Baroque
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generally pieces express 1 basic mood, still inspired corresponding changes in music, text drove melody
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Rhythm of Baroque
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continuity of rhythm helped convey the unity of mood
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Melody of Baroque
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themes (melodic ideas) recur continually, whether in original or varied form and create continuity
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Dynamics of Baroque
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stayed fairly constant for long periods of time (When they do shift, it's sudden not gradual)
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Terraced dynamics
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abrupt dynamic change from one level to the next level
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Main Keyboard Instruments
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Harpischord & organ: limited dynamic contrast
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Texture of Baroque
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predominantly polyphonic (2 or more melodic lines competing) Much imitation Soprano & Bass lines become most important Use of strings (violin, viola, etc) becomes important
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Harmony of Baroque
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now the contrasting melodies start to Line up and create chords, chord progressions, structure
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Basso continuo
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"continuous bass" often played by 2 isnt. Keyboard & low melodic inst (cello / bassoon) emphasized the important bass line by a steady flow of chords
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Figured bass
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the keyboards would play what was written with the left hand and the numbers above/below would indicate a chord and the performer filled in the necessary harmony
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Groud Bass/ Ostinato
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another type of continuous bass, which creates a short musical passage that is repeated continually throughout a piece
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Baroque Orchestra
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first orchestras were small 14-20 players all different instruments (or 2 of each) by 1650, the orchestra had solidified around strings, with woodwinds, occasionally brass would join
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Fugue
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can be written for 1 or a group of instruments (organ/ orchestra) polyphonic composition based on one theme (subject)
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Episode
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all begin same way subject almost always introduced in a single Unaccompanied voice and lower voices imitate (afterwards, anything goes)
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Countersubject
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diff. melody, always appears w/ subject above or below
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Inversion
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upside down subject
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Retrograde
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backwards subject
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Augmentation
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slower subject...stretched out over many measures
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Diminution
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faster, shortened subject
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Stretto
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one voice imitates, before the other has completed
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Pedal Point
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single tone held in bass while others move freely
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Opera
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("a work") developed in the Baroque era: drama sung to orchestral music fused music, acting, poetry, dance, scenery and costumes began in Italy in 1607 with Orfeo – Montiverdi characters and plot are revealed through song rather than speech the music creates the drama
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Overature
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musical introduction to the opera, introduces melodies to be heard later
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Aria
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"air" song for solo voice with orchestral accompaniment
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Recitative
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"recite" a vocal line that imitates rhythm and pitch fluctuations in speech
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Libretto
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text of the opera, usually written by a dramatist largely based on Greek Mythology
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Chorus
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opera chorus generates atmosphere and makes comments on the action, may be peasants, courtiers, ballroom guests, etc
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Noteworthy Operas
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Dido & Aneas – Purcell Orpheo - Montiverdi
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Oratorio
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large scale composition for chorus, vocal soloists, and Orchestra, usually set to a narrative (often biblical text) basically a sacred opera w/out staging (overature, recits, arias, etc.) not intended for church service
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Chorale
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hymn tune (generally sung in German) much like hymns today largely syllabic, slow moving, with steady rhythms
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Cantata
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written for chorus, vocal soloists, organ and small orchestra much like oratorios, but smaller in scale
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Monody
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"one song" solo singing with simple instrumental accompaniment
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Movement
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piece of music that sounds fairly complete and independent but is part of a larger composition (ie. Chapter in a book)
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Concerto Grosso
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a small group of soloists (2-4) playing "against" a large group (8 - 20) Made of several Movements (usually 3: fast, slow, fast)
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Ritornello
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1st & Last Mov't. of a Concerto Grosso alternate: Tutti/soli
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Suite
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set of dance inspired movements all in same key w/ diff. tempo
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C. Monteverdi (1567-1643)
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Court musician in Italy (first as singer/violinist, then as director) created the earliest operatic masterpiece – Orfeo widely acclaimed, but received little pay/ respect later took a church position and did much better
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H. Purcell - (1659 - 1695 (36 yrs old))
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father was a court musician in England, by age 18 he was the composer to the King's orchestra by 20, the organist of Westminster Abbey mastered ALL musical forms of baroque (only wrote 1 opera) Dido & Aneas
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Vivaldi (1678 - 1741)
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Italian born to a musical father, he studied to be a priest after 1 year of ministry, poor health caused him to retire often called the "red priest" because of his hair and priesthood violin teacher, composer and conductor at an orphan/music school composed opera, church music, 450 concerti grossi fame waned before death and he died in poverty (pauper's grave)
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J.S. Bach (1685 - 1750)
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His death marks the end of the Era German, he came from a long line of musicians & produced more (4 of his 20 children also composed) 11 died in infancy Began as a church organist, then court organist, then court concertmaster in Cothen later moved to Leipzig to become cantor of St. Thomas Church he composed and taught and directed a student based performance ensemble very religious (Lutheran), lost sight in his last year of life wrote masterpieces in every form (except opera) used much polyphony, rich harmony & counterpoint wrote Well-tempered Clavier - 48 preludes & fugues, 2 in each M and m key to explain the system of tuning the keyboard. more than 200 cantatas that we have preserved (possibly more)
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G.F. Handel (1685 - 1759)
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German, not from musical family father wanted him to study law, but his talent was undeniable by 11 he was composing and giving organ lessons by 18 he became the violinist and harpsichordist at the Hamburg Operahouse at 21 he went to Italy and began writing operas he later went to London and became known as England's most important composer Became Director of Royal Academy of Music, and when it folded, he formed his own company - the 1st Freelance musician He wrote in almost every style, but his most famous works are his Operas (39 Italian), & Oratorios (English - Messiah) Messiah (50 movements) was written in just 24 days (not for church) considered the greatest composition ever at the time |