Molecular Biology Lecture Quiz 1

Front 1

Carbon Atom

Back 1

6 protons, 6 neutrons and 6 electrons with 4 valence electrons in its outer shell that holds 8 electrons.

Front 2

Ionic Bonds

Back 2

Attraction in which one atom steals electrons from another atom. (creates two atoms with opposite charges that hold atoms together)

Front 3

Covalent Bonds

Back 3

Attraction in which one atom shares electrons with another atom. (one or more shared pairs of electrons holds atoms together)

Front 4

Polar Covalent Bonds & Electronegativity

Back 4

Covalent bond formed between two atoms that differ in electronegativity. Shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive.

Front 5

Cohesion

Back 5

Linking together of like molecules, often by H-bonds (contributes to transport of water and dissolved nutrients against gravity in plants)

Front 6

Adhesion

Back 6

Clinging of one substance to another by means of H-bonds (by clinging to cell walls, the substance counters the pull of gravity)

Front 7

Surface Tension

Back 7

Measure of difficulty in stretching or breaking the surface of a liquid (stronger in water than most other liquids due to H-bonding)

Front 8

Heat of Vaporization

Back 8

Quantity of heat liquids must absorb for 1 g to be converted from a liquid to a gas. (water has an unusually high heat of vaporization due to H-bonding)

Front 9

Evaporative Cooling

Back 9

Property of a liquid whereby the surface becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a loss of molecules with the greatest kinetic energy to the gaseous state.

Front 10

Ocean Acidification

Back 10

When CO2 dissolves in sea water, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid which lowers ocean pH.

Front 11

Characteristics of Hydrocarbons

Back 11

1. Contain only carbon and hydrogen
2. Not prevalent in living organisms
3. Tend to be hydrophobic
4. Release relatively large amounts of energy
5. Major component of petroleum (fossil fuels)

Front 12

Characteristics of Carbon Bonds

Back 12

1. 4 valence electrons are in a shell that holds 8 electrons
2. Valence shell is completed by sharing 4 electrons
3. Usually forms single or double bonds

Front 13

Vitalism

Back 13

The belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of physiochemical laws that govern organic chemistry

Front 14

Mechanism

Back 14

The belief that physiochemical laws govern all natural phenomena including the process of life.

Front 15

Starch (storage polysaccharide)

Back 15

A polymer of glucose monomers, stored as granules within cellular structures (plastids, chloroplasts); stored energy.

Front 16

Glycogen (storage polysaccharide)

Back 16

A polymer of glucose monomers, with more extensive branching, stored in liver and muscle cells; depleted in about 24 hrs. unless replenished.

Front 17

Cellulose (structural polysaccharide)

Back 17

A polymer of glucose monomers, major component of tough cell walls that enclose plant cells; different linkages than starch.

Front 18

Chitin (structural polysaccharide)

Back 18

A polymer of glucose monomers, major component of arthropod exoskeleton and in fungal cell walls; contains N-compound

Front 19

Saturated Fats

Back 19

1. Maximum number of hydrogens
2. No double bonds
3. Animal fats, solid at room temperature

Front 20

Unsaturated Fats

Back 20

1. Fewer than the maximum number of H's
2. Double Bonds
3. Plant fats; liquid at room temperature

Front 21

Amino Acids

Back 21

Organic molecule possessing both an amino group and a carboxylic acid group; at the center is an asymmetric carbon with a H atom and a variable group attached.

Front 22

Enzymes

Back 22

Increase reaction rates (digestive enzymes)

Front 23

Digestive Proteins

Back 23

Disease protection (antibodies)

Front 24

Storage Proteins

Back 24

Store amino acids (ovalbumin egg protein)

Front 25

Transport Proteins

Back 25

Transport materials (hemoglobin Fe)

Front 26

Hormonal Proteins

Back 26

Coordinate activities (insulin - blood sugar)

Front 27

Receptor Proteins

Back 27

Respond to stimuli (neuro-transmitters)

Front 28

Contractile/Motor Proteins

Back 28

Movement (actin, myosin, cilia, flagella)

Front 29

Structural Proteins

Back 29

Provide support (keratin)

Front 30

DNA vs. RNA

Back 30

DNA (nitrogenous bases) ACGT
RNA (nitrogenous bases) ACGU
DNA (sugars) Deoxyribose
RNA (sugars) Ribose
DNA (strands) Double stranded
RNA (strands) Single-stranded

Front 31

Prokaryotic Cells

Back 31

1. DNA is located in the nucleoid region (region of cytoplasm not enclosed by a membrane)
2. Organelles are few and simple
3. Cells are relatively small

Front 32

Eukaryotic Cells

Back 32

1. DNA is located in the nucleus.
2. Organelles are many and complex
3. Cells are relatively large

Front 33

Common features of eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.

Back 33

Chromosomes, Cytosol, Plasma membrane, ribosomes

Front 34

Chromosomes

Back 34

1, Located in the nucleus, carry genetic information
2. Composed of chromatin (DNA + protein complex)
3. Each species has its own distinct number of chromosomes

Front 35

Chromatin

Back 35

DNA + protein complex that makes up the chromosome

Front 36

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 36

1. Outer surface lacks ribosomes
2. Drugs and alcohol increase proliferation, which increases rate of detoxification, which increase tolerances.
3. Lipid synthesis, especially steroids including sex hormones, and adrenal gland hormones
4. Detox of drugs (including alcohol) and poisons, especially in liver cells.
5. In muscles, stores Ca ions for muscle contractions

Front 37

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 37

1. Outer surface is studded with ribosomes.
2. Site of protein synthesis and transport, membrane construction
3. Protein synthesis by ribosomes located on the ER
4. Grows in place by adding proteins, phospholipids, to its own membrane.
5. Secretory proteins are packaged in vesicles for transport