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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
memory
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the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
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flashbulb memory
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a clear memory of an emotionaly significant moment or event
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encoding
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the processing of information into the memory ststem- for example, by extracting meaning.
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storage
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the retention of encoded information over time
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retrieval
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the process of getting information out of memory storage
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sensory memory
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the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory stystem
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short term memory
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activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as teh seven digits of a phone numbe while dialing, before the informatino is sotred or forgotten. Also known as working memory is a similar conecept tha tfocuses more on the processing of briefly stored information.
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long term memory
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the relatively permanent and limiless store house of the memory system.
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automatic processing
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unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well learned information, such as word meanings.
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effortful processing
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encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
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rehearsal
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the conscious repetition of informaiton, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.
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spacing effect
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the tendency for distributed study or pracice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
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serial position effect
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our tendency to recall best teh last and first items in a list.
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visual encoding
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the encoding of picture images.
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acoustic encoding
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the encoding of sound, especialy the sound of words.
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semantic encoding
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the encoding ofo meaning, including the meaning of words.
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imagery
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mental pictures; a powerful aid to efforful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
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mnemonics
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memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
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chunking
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organizting items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
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iconic memory
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a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tencths of a second.
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echoic memory
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a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and owrdss can still be recalled within 3 of 4 seconds.
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long term potentiation (LTP)
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an in crease in a synapses' firing potential after brief rapid stimulation. bel.ieved to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
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amnesia
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the loss of memory.
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implicit memory
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retention independent of conscious recollection. also called procedural memory.
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explicit memory
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memory of facts and experiences that one can conscioulsy know and "declrea." (also called declarative memory.
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hippocampus
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a neural center located in teh limbic system tha thelps process explicit memories for storage.
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recall
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a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill in the blank test.
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recognition
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a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previosuly learned, as on a multiple choice test
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relearning
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a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved whenm learning material for aseocnd time
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priming
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the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.
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deja vu
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that eeries sense that "ive experienced this before. " cues from teh currnet situation may subconsciously trigger retreival of an earlier experience.
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mood congruent memory
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the tendency to recall experiences tha t are consisten with ones current good or bad mood.
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proactive interfernece
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the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
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retroactive interference
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the disruptive effec tof enw learnign on teh recall of old information.
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repression
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in psychoanalytic theory the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciouness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.
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misinformation effect
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incorporatin misleading information into one's memory of an event.
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source amnesia
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attriuting to th e wrong source an event tha twe have experienced, heard bout, read aobut, or imagined. (also called source misattribution.) source amnesia, a long with teh misinformation effect, is at the hear of many false memories.
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