Mod 12 Pharma

Front 1

Endogenous adrenergic neurotrasmitters belong to this chemical group

Back 1

Catecholamines

Front 2

How does termination of the action of NE happen

Back 2

1. Diffusion into the circulation

2. Enzymatic biotransformation

3. Re-uptake into the varicosities

Front 3

Enzymatic biotransformation involves the action of

Back 3

Monoamine oxidase

Catechol-amine methyl transferase

Front 4

Is a mitochondrial enzyme

Back 4

Monoamine oxidase

Front 5

Found in soluble fraction of thr cells

Back 5

Cathechol-amine amine methyl transferase

Front 6

A prototype sdrenergic stimulant

Back 6

Epinephrine

Front 7

5 major effects of epinephrine

Back 7

Peripheral excitatory effects - alpha

Peripheral inhibitory - beta

Cardioexcitatory effect - beta

Metabolic effects - alpha and beta

CNS effects

Front 8

What are the peripheral excitatory effects

Back 8

Vasoconstriction

Mydriasis

Mucoid and thick salivation

Front 9

What are the peripheral inhibitory effects

Back 9

Vasodilation

Relaxation of gut smooth muscles

Bronchodilation

Front 10

What are the cardioexcitatory effects

Back 10

Increased heart rate

Increased myocardial contraction

Front 11

What are the metabolic effects

Back 11

Hyperglycemia

Hyperlipidemia

Increased blood lactic acid

Front 12

What are the CNS effects

Back 12

Transient respiratory stimulation

Wakefulness

Anxiety

Front 13

B receptors chiefly in the heart

Back 13

B1

Front 14

B receptors in blood vessels, liver, bronchi

Back 14

B2

Front 15

Alpha receptors present in post synaptic fibers

Back 15

A1

Front 16

Alpha receptors present in both pre and post synaptic fibers

Back 16

A2

Front 17

Have purely direct action or mixed action on the adrenergic system

Back 17

Sympathomimetic agents

Front 18

Give examples of endogenous catecholamines

Back 18

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

Front 19

Stimulates both alpha and beta receptors

Back 19

Epinephrine

Front 20

Mainly an alpha stimulant

Back 20

Noepinephrine

Front 21

Pure alpha stimulants

Back 21

Phenylephrine

Methoxamine

Phenylpropanolamine

Front 22

Specific a2 adrenergic stimulants

Back 22

Clonidine

Oxymethazoline

Xylazine

Mecetomidine

Detomidine

Front 23

Pure beta stimulants

Back 23

Isoproterenol

Methoxyphenamine

Front 24

Specific b2 adrenergic stimulants

Back 24

Clenbuterol

Salbutamol

Metaproterenol

Albuterol

Terbulatine

Front 25

Act selectively on b1 receptors, used for cardiac stimulation

Back 25

Dobutamine

Front 26

Acts directly on b1 receptors in the heart and on specific dopamine receptors in the CNS

Back 26

Dopamine

Front 27

Examples of other directly acting sympathomimetics

Back 27

Propylhexedrine

Tuaminoheptane

Naphazolene

Tetrahydrozoline

Phenylpropanolamine

Front 28

Used in nasal inhalers

Back 28

Propylhexedrine

Tuaminoheptane

Front 29

Equal in potency to ephedrine but with less CNS action

Used as oral treatment for nasal and sinus congestion

Back 29

Phenylpropanolamine

Front 30

Produce their effects by increasing the discharge of NE from varicosities of nerve terminals

Back 30

Indirectly acting adrenergic agents

Front 31

Readily enters the CNS and stimulates mood and alertness

Eefects can be mediated by release of catecholamines

Large doses can induce hallucination

Back 31

Amphetamine

Front 32

Large doses of amphetamine can cause

Back 32

Hallucination

Violent behaviour

Psychoses in man

Front 33

Similar to amphetamine but with greater central than peripheral effects

Back 33

Metamphetamine

Front 34

Has an action resembling that of ephedrine but lacks CNS stimulant activity

Used to treat hypotensive state but principally used as mydriatic

Back 34

Hydroxyamphetamine

Front 35

Replace NE from the vesicles and at the same time stimulate adrenergic receptors directly

Back 35

Dual acting adrenergic stimulants

Front 36

Occurs naturally in plants but is now synthetically produced

Resistant to effect of MAO and COMT

enters the brain

Affects alpha and beta receptors

Commonly used as bronchodilator

Back 36

Ephedrine

Front 37

Stereoisomer of ephedrine

Back 37

Pseudoephedrine

Front 38

Has both direct and indirect actions

Overall effect is similar to norepi but much less potent

Principal use is to treat hypotensive state in human

Back 38

Metaraminol

Front 39

Pharmacological effects of sympathomimetic agents to vascular smooth muscles

Back 39

Vasoconstriction due to alpha receptor stimulation

Vasodilation due to beta receptor stimulation

Front 40

Pharmacological effects of sympathomimetic agents to heart

Back 40

Increased force of myocardial contraction

Increased heart rate

Excessive stimulation that lead to arrythmia

Front 41

Pharmacological effects of sympathomimetic agents to blood pressure

Back 41

Decrease or increase of bp

Front 42

Pharmacological effects of sympathomimetic agents to bronchioles

Back 42

Bronchodilation

Front 43

Pharmacological effects of sympathomimetic agents to spleen

Back 43

Contraction of splenic capsule

Extrusion of blood

Front 44

Pharmacological effects of sympathomimetic agents to gut

Back 44

Inhibition of motility

Increased sphincter tone

Front 45

Pharmacological effects of sympathomimetic agents to urinary bladder

Back 45

Mild relaxation

Front 46

Pharmacological effects of sympathomimetic agents to uterus

Back 46

Cat - relaxation in non gravid uterus but contraction in gravid uterus

Front 47

When b2 agonists are used to relax gravid uterus in cows it is called

Back 47

Tocolytics

Front 48

Pharmacological effects of sympathomimetic agents to eyes

Back 48

Mydriasis

Front 49

Pharmacological effects of sympathomimetic agents to exocrine glands

Back 49

Secretion of thick mucoid saliva

Sweating in horse with adrenaline

Front 50

Clinical uses of sympathomimetic agents

Back 50

1. Adjunct to local anesthesia

2. As hemostatic

3. As mydriatic

4. In anaphylactic reactions

5. As bronchodilator

6. Treatment of local skin allergy

7. As decongestant

8. For diagnosis of COPD in horses

9. Treatment of cardiac arrest

10. Treatment of hypertensive conditions

Front 51

It causes vasoconstriction and prolongs the effect of local anesthetic

Back 51

Epinephrine

Front 52

Drug of choice for anaphylactic reactions because it counteracts hypotension and bronchospasm

Back 52

Epinephrine

Front 53

Best treatment for bronchial asthma

Back 53

Specific b2 adrenergic agonist

Front 54

Treatment for COPD

Back 54

Isoproterenol (IV)

Front 55

When infused slowly it causes vasodilation

Back 55

Dopamine

Front 56

Alpha adrenergic blockers

Back 56

Phenoxybezamine

Dibenamine

Phentolamine

Prazosin

Ergot alkaloids

Phenothiazine, butyrophenone tranquilizer

Idazoxan, tolazoline, atipamezole, yohimbine

Front 57

Pharmacological effects of alpha adrenergic blockers

Back 57

1. Little effect on resting blood pressure

2. Tendency for postural hypotension

3. Little effect on GIT

Front 58

Clinical uses of alpha adrenergic blockers

Back 58

1. Used in reversing compensatory vasoconstriction

2. Used to overcome effect of excessive epinephrine

Front 59

Treatment best for shock

Back 59

Corticosteroids

Front 60

Used to produce sedation in domestic animal

Back 60

Xylazine

Medetomidine

Front 61

Pharmacological effect of beta-blockers

Back 61

1. Cause cardiac depression

2. Cause bronchoconstriction

Front 62

Beta adrenergic blocking agents

Back 62

Dichloroisoproterenol

Propanolol

Timolol

Alprenollol

Pindolol

Nadalol

Sutatol

Metoprolol

Butoxamine

Front 63

Clinical uses of beta blockers

Back 63

1. Treatment of hypertension

2. Reversing digitalis induced cardiac arrythmias

3. Treat obstructive cardiomyopathy

4. Block effect of excessive epinephrine

Front 64

Interference with NE release from vesicles by blocking of nerve action by

Back 64

Bretylium

Guanethidine

Front 65

Interference with NE re-uptake into varicosities by

Back 65

Imipramine

Cocaine

Front 66

Interference with NE re-uptake into the dense core vesicles by

Back 66

Reserpine

Guanithidine

Front 67

Synthesis of false transmitter by ____ & ________ cause hypotension

Back 67

a-methyl-DOPA

octamine

Front 68

Destruction of adrenergic fibers by _______ produces decreased sympathetic functiom

Back 68

6-hydroxydopamine