Mock Questions

Front 1

Event related designs are are close as possible to

Back 1

standard lab-based experiments of task switching

Front 2

Downing et al. (2001) found that

Back 2

the extrastriate area is sensitive to the presentation of a human body

Front 3

Function-to-structure deductions: Conditions 1 and 2 produce qualitatively different patterns of brain activity in different areas (difference in the intensity of neural activity), then

Back 3

conditions 1 and 2 differ in at least one function

Front 4

Function-to-structure deductions: Conditions 1 and 2 produce no qualitative difference of brain activity, or there is only a quantitative difference

Back 4

it does not favour the theory OR the null

Null result

Front 5

The location of activity does not matter for

The context (read: experimental situations) is relevant for

Back 5

function to structure deductions

Front 6

The location of activity does matter for

The context (read: experimental situations) is not relevant for

Back 6

structure-to-function deductions

Front 7

Structure-to-function deductions require

Back 7

stronger assumptions

need to implicitly accept the null hypothesis of no reliable difference in activation across two experiments - can't accept a null effect

The same regions are involved in the same functions in all contexts

Front 8

Gardiner & Java (1990)

Back 8

Low frequency words enhanced 'remember' responses, but had no effect on 'know' responses

Whereas non-words increased 'know' responses, but had no effect on remember responses

This supports dual-process theories

Front 9

Dual-process theories suggest that

Back 9

there are two seperate memory systems: one supporting 'knowing' and one supporting 'remembering'

But, single process theories can also explain the data

Front 10

Henson et al. (1999)

Back 10

Reveals a double-dissociation of two experimental manipulations with different effects on two dependent variables

Qualitively different patterns of brain activity associated with different subjective experiences to stimuli

Supports dual-process theory

Front 11

Single process view

Back 11

One process underlying familiarity & recollection

'Remember' responses just reflect stronger memories than 'know responses

Front 12

Dual process view

Back 12

Two separate memory systems: one supporting 'knowing' and one supporting 'remembering'

Front 13

Lavie (1995)

Back 13

fount a compatibility effect - how much the distracting incompatible letter influenced performance

Front 14

With high load, there is a _________ compatability effect

Back 14

reduced

Front 15

With low load, there is a __________ compatibility effect

Back 15

increased

Front 16

Yi et al (2004)

Back 16

Used structure to function deduction:

Early selection posits attention acts as a filter, minimising perceptal encoding of unattended stimuli - high load reduces neural representation of distractors - reduced PPA activity

Late selection posits attention blocks conscious awareness of unattended stimuli - low load leads to PPA actiity

Front 17

Stroop (1935)

Back 17

congruency effect - longer response time for incongruent stimulus

Front 18

Gratton et al. (1992)

Back 18

when the congruency on the previous trial is taken into account, there was no difference between congruent and incongruent trials when the previous trial was incongruent. But when the previous trial was congruent, if the current trial was congruent the response time would be lower, but the response time would be higher when the current trial was incongruent

Front 19

Botvinnicket al. (2001)the conflict monitoring account of the gratton effect

Back 19

On incongruent trials, conflict is registered.

This triggers more cognitive control resources to be deployed on the next trial

Incongruent trials are dealt with better due to this enhanced cognitive control, this means faster RTs

Front 20

Egner & Hirsch (2005) - does cognitive control boost activation levels of the stimulus, or inhibit activation levels of the distraction? Pps looked at faces

Back 20

When the previous trial was congruent (low control mode), there was a decrease in RT for congruent current trials, and a increase in RT for incongruent current trials

When the previous trial was incongruent, there was no difference in RTs

Found increased activity in the FFA in high control mode (previous trial incongruent, current trial incongruent)

Supports the dea that control works by activation of relevant information, not by inhibiting irrelevant information

Front 21

Meiran (1996) explicitly cued task switching paradigm

Back 21

suggests that there is inhibition in task switching

Front 22

Mayr et al. (2005)

Back 22

significant activation of the left frontal corex when inhibiting in task switching

Front 23

Dreher & Berman (2002) event related fMRI study of task switching in healthy controls. Compared ABA sequences to CBA sequences, with a 20 second gap in between.

Back 23

Significantly more activation in the rDLPFC (found in all subjects) and the occipito-temporal junction (less reliable), between ABA sequence and CBA sequence, during inhibition trials compared to control trials.

Suggests that the DLrPFC is the area responsible for inhibition in task switching, supporting MAyr (2005) - inhibition of distractions is what drives control, rather than activation of relevant information

Front 24

Goals of Functional Neuroimaging

Back 24

Localisation of function within the brain

Use of neuroimaging data to shed light on cognitive theory

Front 25

Hyothetico-Deductive Method

Back 25

A proposed description of scientificmethod. According to it, scientific inquiry proceeds by formulating a hypothesis in a form that could conceivably be falsified by a test on observable data.

Front 26

Pyramidal neurons underlie the

Back 26

EEG signal

Front 27

What hypothesis explains blindsight with reference to the ancient 'reptilian' route?

Back 27

Retinotectal hypothesis

Front 28

Which cortical area is essential for attential orienting (Chambers et al., 2004)?

Back 28

Right angular gyrus