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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The name "cuneiform" derives from the fact that the strokes making up cuneiform writing (p. 2)
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are wedge-shaped (from Latin cuneus, "wedge")
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The symbol ₤ is a(n) (p. 2)
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ideograph
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The countless "tokens" found in Sumerian archaeological sites have been compellingly interpreted as (pp. 1-2)
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wee statues of commodities
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A writing system made of symbols for spoken syllables is called a(n) (p. 3)
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syllabary
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The writing system of the Sumerians spread to speakers of non-Sumerian languages who became politically dominant in the region about 2300 BC or so. They were speakers of languages belonging to what group? (p. 3)
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Semitic
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According to the Sourcebook article, a "true writing system" is one in which you can write (p. 3) (Select three.)
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grocery lists , love poems , MMW exams
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It appears that the first alphabet to be derived from the Sumerian hand-me-down cuneiform systems was developed about 1000 BC by (p. 5)
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Phoenicians
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A "genizah" was a medieval location for (p. 5n)
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waste paper
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A couple of letters of the "Roman" alphabet that we use in English were in fact unknown to the Romans. These include (p. 5n)
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J and W
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The earliest alphabet we know about seems not to have been the parent of any later writing system, suggesting that the idea of an alphabet was independently discovered more than once. It was discovered in the 1990s by excavators working in (p. 6n)
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Egypt
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Stimulus diffusion in writing systems results in (pp. 6-7)
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the "invention" of writing in imitation of the general idea but without understanding of how it worked in the parent system
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Indus Valley script remains undeciphered because (p. 7n)
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inscriptions are too short
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On the accompanying map, the Indus Valley is in segment (p. 7)
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6 (india region)
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In Egyptian hieroglyphic texts, the symbols with faces (p. 8n)
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faced the beginning of the text
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In Egyptian, a "determinative" sign itself was normally (pp. 8-9)
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silent
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The term "demotic" refers to (p. 10n)
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a late Egyptian simplified script
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Comparing the Egyptian and the Chinese writing systems, we discover that there is a rough analogy between an Egyptian determinative and a Chinese (pp.8-12)
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radical
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Compared to classical Egyptian written style, classical Chinese written style placed a higher value on (p. 12n)
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greater conciseness than in spoken language
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According to Nyoro ritual, the king is to be physically healthy and to avoid all contact with impurities, sickness, and death.
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True
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Any imperfection of the Nyoro King is taken by the Nyoro to reflect or represent a weakness in the entire country.
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True
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The Nyoro Mukama was not considered to be a priest.
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True
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Traditionally, the heir to the Nyoro throne was a prince who succeeded in killing his rival brothers for the throne.
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True
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Traditionally, the heir to the throne was a prince who succeeded in killing whichever of his brothers was his rival to the throne.
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True
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When the Mukama delegates political authority to one of his chiefs, he not only authorizes the chief to carry out some action or assume control over a particular domain, but he also confers upon the chief some of his own spiritual power.
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True
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The Okwiri, the Mukama's "official brother," is said to rule the Bito as the Mukama rules the country. Beattie argues that, structurally, this reinforces the Mukama's identification with the entire country.
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True
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"Crown wearers" in Bunyoro society were persons honored by the king, and wore "crowns" as a mark of dignity and ritual status, but the crowns once awarded became hereditary in the male line.
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True
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Most Nyoro chiefs were members of the Huma, cattle-owning class, or people of commoner origin, though usually members of families with a tradition of chief-ship.
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True
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Traditionally the court of the Mukama of Bunyoro traveled around the Nyoro territory from time to time.
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True
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Copper was first worked
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about 6000-5000 BC
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It was first used to make
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beads
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The "Copper Age" or "Chalcolithic" identified by archaeologists working in the Near East fits between the
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the Neolithic and the Bronze Age
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It is a feature of copper that
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it is often stronger in alloys than in pure form , it melts at a little over 1000°C
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Bronze is an alloy of copper with
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tin
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The ratio of ingredients in the bronze alloy is usually about
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nine to one
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Among the additional metals sometimes added to bronze is lead, which was used to
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facilitate casting
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The major difference between bronze and brass is that brass is a compound, more difficult to create, of copper and
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zinc
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The combination of tin and lead produces a soft,corrosion-resistant, easily worked gray metal that was popular in antiquity for water vessels, eating utensils, water pipes, and ornaments —essentially anything that didn't require a sharp edge. The metal is called
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pewter
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The melting point of pure iron, higher than that of copper and beyond the reach of ancient furnaces, is a little over
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1500°C
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Because iron could not be melted completely, it could not be cast. However it could be processed effectively by
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forging
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The introduction of a small amount of carbon lowered the softening point of iron. Similarly, greater heat could be achieved by using charcoal, which is
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wood which has been heated in an environment that did not provide enough oxygen for it to burn
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Gold was
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frequently layered onto other surfaces
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Cold hammering allows softer metals to be worked without being heated to their melting point. However the hammering
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damages the crystalline structure of the metal, making it brittle
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So-called "hot hammering" was usual with iron, but not with bronze because bronze
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becomes fragile at high temperatures
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The "lost wax" or "cire perdue" technique is so called because
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the metal eventually occupies a space in the mold once occupied by wax
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The Hopi live in [p. 1]
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Arizona
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The Hopi are a subdivision of peoples known as [p. 2]
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Pueblo
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Inhabitants of Hopi villages usually number about [p. 2]
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500
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Today most Hopi villages are located [p. 2]
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on mesa tops
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Hopi are born into [p. 3]
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matrilineages
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Hopi are "uxorilocal," which means [p. 4]
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a new husband moves into the household of the bride's mother
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Among the Hopi, a man is in the same lineage with his [p. 4]
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mother, sister, sister's son
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Among the Hopi, a woman is in the same lineage with her [p. 4]
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mother, sister, sister's son, son
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An "apical" ancestor is one [p. 3]
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from whom lineage descent is calculated
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"Phratries" are made up of groupings [p. 6]
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clans
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The following activities were traditionally gender-specific among the Hopi. Which of the following were largely or exclusively women's activities? [pp. 7f]
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pottery making , food preparation
, fetching water , patching adobe house walls |
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The most important work of a traditional Hopi village "chief" was [p. 9]
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supervising rituals
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According to Hopi myth, settlement in the area [p. 9]
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involved earlier and later settlers, with the later ones obtaining permission to settle in negotiation with the earlier ones
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Any major Hopi rite is associated with [p. 10]
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a sponsoring clan, which "owns" it ,
a society that performs it , a kiva or ritual space where it is wholly or partially performed |
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Traditionally Hopi rites could require cooperation among [pp. 10f]
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multiple clans
multiple ceremonial societies |
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The term kachina can refer to some kinds of [p. 10]
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masked human figures ,
supernatural beings , small carvings |
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Cross-cutting ties [p. 12]
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reduced conflict between villages
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According to traditional Hopi belief, famine could be caused by [p. 13]
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iniquity
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According to the text, the most important thing children need to learn from the Kachinvaki initiation is that [pp. 13-15]
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the price of human companionship is conformity to community expectations
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Experts have conflicting models of the psychic cost of the "Hopi Way," including [pp. 15f.]
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-Hopi exhibit consistent and harmonious world views at little psychic cost.
-Hopi sustain cooperation at considerable psychic cost because of suppressing individual desires. -Hopi exhibit both harmony and competitive ambition depending upon the amount and nature of social or ecological stress a community is subjected to at any given moment. |
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Banpo
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Boringly typical Neolithic settlement
Pottery forms foreshadowing future metal art of the same region Surrounded by trench to keep out animals Very many similar settlements in the proximity |
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Biskupin
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Animals live in same dwellings with humans, perhaps for warmth
Built on an artificial foundation in a shallow lake for defensive reasons Heavily timbered defensive walls High concern with defense High population density Imported metal oars and/or objects Very substantial use of wood throughout the occupation period |
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Çatal Hüyük
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Entry through roofs rather than doors, presumably for defensive reasons
Extensive accumulations of obsidian Extensive burials within the settlement area Extensive use of plaster Many “shrine-like” interior decorations Much greater size than surrounding settlements Painted representations of people without heads and of predatory birds Venus-type figures found at site and at nearby sites |
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Neolithic Dates
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End of the Ice Age (Sourcebook §2-A-5)
Earliest Natufians at Abu Hureya (Syria) (p. 8) Latest Natufians at Abu Hureya (Syria) (p. 8) Fermentation residues at Jiahu (China) (p. 5) Lowest levels of Jarmo site (Iraq) (p. 3) Çatal Hüyük already larger than other settlements (p. 20) Agriculture reaches northeastern Europe (p. 9) Bronze Age begins in southern Europe (p. 28) Iron Age begins in southern Europe (p. 28) |
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Neolithic Dates (2) (Sumer)
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Earliest levels of Jarmo (p. 31)
Ubaidian Phase in Mesopotamia (p. 32) Earliest Mesopotamia writing (p. 32) Mesopotamians use copper & bronze (p. 32) Uruk expansion begins (p. 33) Sargon of Akkad conquers Sumer (p. 37) Sumer re-conquered after Third Dynasty of Ur (p. 38) Glass bottles produced (p. 33) |
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Neolithic Dates (3)
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Çatal Hüyük (Turkey) in its heyday
Banpo (China) in its heyday Megalithic (Age of Stone Circles in Europe Europeans begin using some bronze Europeans use some iron Romans conquer everybody they meet |
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agriculture
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composting
fermenting beer irrigating making bread manuring brickmaking broadcasting gleaning transplanting using a dibble winnowing scything |
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foraging
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gathering mussels
making arrows salmon fishing trapping honey gathering preying stampeding tracking trout fishing |
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herding
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hauling tents
branding milking transhumance gelding hatching |
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A few foraging peoples are not nomadic and can remain in permanent villages because of the rich resources available in a single location. These include foragers living
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on the coast of British Columbia
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Which three of the following are new in the Neolithic? (Select three.)
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pottery
social class stratification walled settlements. |
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Which one of the following is new in the Neolithic?
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immobility of residence
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Which one of the following is a tool new to the Neolithic?
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plow
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Which of the following are thought to have made their first appearance at the very end of or after the Neolithic? (Select two.)
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bronze casting
writing |
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The shift from gathering wild plants to harvesting cultivated plants is characterized by
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human influence in the genetic variation of a plant species
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The Neolithic Revolution
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was experienced as anything but a revolution.
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Seeking the probable region of earliest domestication of wheat, Robert Braidwood chose the foothills of the Zagros-Taurus mountain range on the hunch that
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one should look where genetically related plants grow wild
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The site of Jiahu in China is discussed because it provides the earliest archaeological evidence so far of
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deliberate use of fermentation
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The non-fractionating grains found at Jarmo were taken as evidence of domestication because such plants
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cannot easily reseed themselves
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Sickle Sheen
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is found on the microliths making up ancient sickle blades
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The so-called "Fertile Crescent" extends in an arc across parts of (Select as many as apply.)
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Syria
Iran Turkey |
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The Natufians are referred to as "terminal foragers" because their way of life involved
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a mix of foraging and of food production
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According to the "wave-of-advance" model
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agricultural populations expanded across Europe like a wave, probably at a rate of about a kilometer every year, displacing earlier foragers
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Which of the following foods was NOT a staple of the aboriginal Mexican diet? (Select as many as apply.)
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einkorn wheat
rice |
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Millet was probably first cultivated in north China, where it became a major food crop, arguably because of its
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drought-resistance
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Among ancient cereal crops, rice was unusual in its (Select two.)
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high output of calories per unit of land
need for constant water |
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Teosinte is not an important crop today. However it appears to have been a wild ancestor, or perhaps THE wild ancestor, of one of the world's most important food crops, namely
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maize/corn
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Preserving food by freeze-drying it seems to have been developed during the Neolithic in
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Peru
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Although Neolithic changes lay the basis for it, social stratification does not in fact become significant in most areas until
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the Bronze Age
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Compared with agricultural societies, pastoral societies are more likely to (Select three.)
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involve clear male dominance in households
exhibit high rates of polygyny engage in raiding. |
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A study by Goldschmidt of pastoralists notes that their arrangements for defense differ from those of settled farmers. Most pastoral peoples place strong emphasis upon
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segmentary lineages
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Language
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* Language is what people speak. The written symbols they use are called a "writing system" or "written language," not simply a language.
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Hopi
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* Hopi is the name both of a language and of the people who speak it. In addition the name Hopi refers to the cultural ambit of the Hopi speakers, which extends to the village of Tewa (located further east), where people speak Tewa but still consider themselves to be Hopi. The name Hopi does not refer to a place. (Note for Hopelessly Curious People Who Didn't Learn Their Lesson From the Previous Note)
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Bunyoro
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* Bunyoro is the name of a kingdom, now incorporated into the modern nation of Uganda (and no longer under British colonial administration). It is not the name of the people (the Nyoro) who live there. Please avoid phrases like "The Bunyoro have a myth according to which … ." Nyoro is the usual English term that refers to the people. (Note for the Linguistically Curious)
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The terms "Bronze Age" and "Iron Age" were devised by the Greek writer Hesiod, roughly contemporary with Homer, who imagined five ages, beginning with
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the Golden Age
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The territory of ancient Mesopotamia corresponds roughly to
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modern Iraq
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According to the Sourcebook's puckish footnote, American college "Ninkasi Societies" "began holding 'secret rites' to the goddess [Ninkasi." Given the associations of this Sumerian goddess, one easily imagines that students in such societies wore Ninkasi T-shirts and
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consumed large amounts of beer
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Hill-country villages like Jericho and Jarmo may have had agriculture and herding earlier, but they gave way to plains villages like Al Ubaid by about 4000 BC, with larger buildings and probably temples. Later Sumerian tradition held that the "Ubaidian" phase was abruptly ended by
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a great flood
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Earliest writing among the Sumerians seems to have been used only (or almost only) for
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bookkeeping
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Over-arching political power over the cities of Sumer in about 3000 BC was
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lacking
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Both for Çatal Hüyük and for Sumer, the comparative wealth of incoming trade items combined with the paucity of exportable goods suggests "intangible trade goods," such as
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charms and blessings
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Evidence suggests that "elite trade" was important because
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it provided a motivation for expansion and competition between Sumerian cities
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According to the Sourcebook article, Sumerian temples included not just priests, but also
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craftsmen and laborers Two of the following were important Sumerian cities.
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Two of the following were important Sumerian cities. The others are made-up words. Pick the cities. (Select two.)
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Ur
Uruk |
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In about 2400, King Sargon of Akkad conquered Sumer and unified Sumer and Akkad under a single royal house. Akkad was located
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to the north of modern Baghdad
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MMW Time Quiz: Writing (1)
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Sumerian clay tokens first appear
Sumerian written in cuneiform Akkadian written in Cuneiform Minoan written in Linear A Mycenaean written in Linear B Classical Greek written in Greek letters Latin written in Roman letters English written in Roman letters Nahuatl written in Roman letters Script devised for writing Cherokee written in Roman letters |
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MMW Time Quiz: Writing (2)
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Egyptian script first appears
Akkadian script first appears Linear-A script first appears Linear-B script first appears Phoenicians create alphabet Homeric Greek script first appears Roman script first appears Roman letter X is first used Roman letter W is first used Cherokee script first appears |
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MMW Time Quiz: Midterm 2 (A)
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Natufians become agricultural
Banpo village founded Earliest Egyptian writing Hopi villages founded European discovery of the Americas Sequoyah transcribes Cherokee Helen Sekaquaptewa undergoes childhood initiation Beattie does fieldwork among the Nyoro Colonial rule ends in Uganda |