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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Why is milk from the grocery store pasteurized instead of autoclaved? |
Pasteurization kills pathogens without destroying the milk |
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What would you use to disinfect surfaces in your house? |
Phenols |
Ethylene oxide, lypholization, phenols, ozone, or irradiation |
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How does washing your hands with regular soap prevent microbial growth? |
The soap helps you mechanically remove microbes from your hands |
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How do mutations lead to antibiotic resistance in a population of bacteria? |
Random DNA mutations allow some bacteria to grow in the presence of an antibiotic |
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How does a microbe know which amino acids to link together? |
By translating the sequence of a messenger RNA |
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Building a new strand of DNA out of dNTPs occurs during which process? |
Replication |
Physically building it from the old copy |
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A silent mutation in a microbe's DNA would change what? |
Both the DNA and RNA |
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What is a segment of DNA that provides instruction to make a protein or RNA molecule called? |
A gene |
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In an Ames test, after you exposed bacteria to a chemical, how can you tell if the chemical is a mutagen? |
You count how many bacteria regain the ability to produce histidine |
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Imagine that you make a plasmid that will give a crop resistance to an herbicide. How would you introduce the plasmid into the Agrobacterium bacteria used to transfer DNA to the plant? |
Bacterial transformation |
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In a phylogenetic tree with the bottom branch, Lizards, the second up, Crocodile, the third, Dinosaur, and the top, Bird, what can be concluded? |
Dinosaurs and birds shared a common ancestor more recently than dinosaurs and lizards |
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Why would you use anti-serum to identify a pathogenic microbe? |
To distinguish different strains of bacteria |
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In order to diabetic patients to have high-quality and affordable insulin, how can we obtain insulin from bacteria? |
Put a plasmid with the human insulin gene into E. coli and then purify the protein |
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What is an example of a symptom of a disease? |
Extreme tiredness |
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What could be a fomite? |
A computer keyboard |
Nonliving object capable of carrying infectious organisms |
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On MacConkey agar, bacteria that ferment lactose are pink and those that cannot are white. What type of media is this an example of? |
Differential media |
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How does bacterial transformation differ from conjugation? |
Transformation does not require physical contact between two bacteria |
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What are the three domains of life? |
Archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes |
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Any living creature that transmits an infectious agent to humans is called a ___ |
vector |
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What does the ID50 value of a microbe tell you? |
The number of microbes that will cause someone to get sick |
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A sudden increase in the number of cases of giardiasis after 200 children swam in a contaminated pool would be considered what? |
An outbreak |
Pandemic, endemic, sporadic disease, outbreak, emerging infectious disease |
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What would be the effect of a bacterium obtaining a plasmid that increased its basic reproduction number (R0)? |
More people would be infected from a single case of infection |
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Why do infections with gram negative bacteria lead to fever and aches? |
The release of endotoxins stimulates our immune system |
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How is tuberculosis transmitted? |
Droplet transmission |
Think about a racking TB cough |
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Which virulence factor contributes to Staphylococcus aureus being more pathogenic than other species in this genus? |
Coagulase allows the bacteria to hide in blood clots |
How does it defend itself from the body's immune system? |
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Living on human skin requires bacteria to tolerate what condition? |
High salt |
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What medical advise would you give to someone with latent tuberculosis? |
Consider antibiotic treatment to kill the bacteria inside them |
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How are cases of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis treated? |
Second-line antibiotics |
If the first round doesn't work, what do you have to resort to? |
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Why does Chlamydia trachomatis need to form elementary bodies? |
To infect a host cell |
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Accumulating many mutations in which component would prevent N. gonorrhoeae from invading human cells? |
Fimbriae |
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Which portal of entry leads to staphylococcal food poisoning? |
Mucous membranes |
How does it get into our bodies? |
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Why has the number of cases of typhoid fever in the US declined substantially in the last 100 years? |
Proper sewage disposal and water treatment have stopped the spread of the bacterium |
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Why aren't people with salmonellosis given antibiotics? |
The infection is usually short-lived and does not spread |
Is it serious enough? |
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What is an important side effect of the use of antimicrobial drugs that has resulted in an increase in Clostridium difficile gastrointestinal infections in hospitals? |
Disruption of normal microbiota |
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What is an example of intoxication? |
Botulism |
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