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489 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Anatomy |
Greek "to cut apart", a branch of science that studies the structures of the body and their relationship with each other. Three branches are macroscopic, microscopic and developmental anatomy |
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Human Anatomy |
Anatomy; if the subject of study is the human body |
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Macroscopic (gross) anatomy |
the focus of learning is on examining the structures of the body by the naked eye, three possible approaches: systemic, regional and surface |
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systemic gross anatomy |
different organ systems are individually studied throughout the entire body, such as skeletal system, cardiovascular system, etc. This approach provides a better understanding of the continuity of the systems of the human body and is more suitable in certain learning situations (e.g. if a human cadaver is not available for dissections) |
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Regional Gross Anatomy
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the human body is divided into certain regions such as head, neck or trunk and then all structures in a single region are studied together as a group. This learning approach works better if its combined with human cadaver dissection |
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Surface Anatomy |
essential component of both systemic and regional approaches that uses the markings on the surface of the body to reveal the underlying organs or structures (i.e., locating the heart within the chest using its surface landmarks) |
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Microscopic anatomy (histology) |
histo=tissue, logy=to study, the structures of the body are studied at the tissue and cellular level using a microscope |
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Developmental Anatomy |
studies different phases of human development from fertilization to puberty |
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Embryology |
studies phases of development with emphasis on the first eight weeks of the gestation period |
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Anatomical position |
person is standing upright, head is level and facing forward, upper limbs are at the sides with palms turned forward, the lower limbs are parallel and the feet are flat on the floor with toes directed forward |
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Prone position |
body is lying face down |
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Supine position |
body is lying face up |
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Sagittal planes |
vertical planes that divide the body into left and right parts |
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Median or midsagittal planes |
the sagittal plane that divides the body into two symmetric right and left sides |
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Parasagittal planes |
any sagittal plane that does not divide the body into two symmetric right and left sides (any sagittal plane that is not the midsagittal plane) |
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Coronal or frontal planes |
vertical planes that divide the body into front and back parts |
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Transverse of horizontal planes |
divide the body into upper and lower parts |
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Medial |
closer to the midline, in reference to median sagittal plane |
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Lateral |
farther form the midline, in reference to median sagittal plane |
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Anterior/Ventral |
closer to the front of the body, in reference to coronal (frontal) plane |
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Posterior/Dorsal |
closer to the back of the body, in reference to coronal (frontal) plane |
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Superior/Cranial |
closer to the head, in reference to transverse (horizontal) plane |
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Inferior/Caudal |
closer to the feet/tail in reference to transverse (horizontal) plane |
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Proximal |
closer to the root of the structure |
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Distal |
farther from the root of the structure |
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Superficial |
closer to the surface of the body |
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Deep |
away from the body surface |
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Ipsilateral |
on the same side of the body |
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Contralateral |
on the opposite sides of the body |
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Internal |
inside a body cavity |
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External |
outside a body cavity |
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Palm |
anterior aspect of the hand |
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Dorsum |
posterior aspect of the foot or hand |
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Sole/plantar |
inferior aspect of the foot |
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Flexion |
bending or decreasing the angle between parts of the body, occurs in the sagittal planes |
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Extension |
straightening or increasing the angle between parts of the body, occurs in the sagittal planes |
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Abduction |
moving toward the midline or axis of the body parts, occurs in the frontal/coronal planes axis of the hand passes through the 3rd finger and metacarpal bone. Axis of the foot passes through the 2nd toe and metatarsal bone. |
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Adduction |
moving toward the midline or axis of the body parts, occurring in frontal/coronal planes |
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Medial Rotation |
turning a body part around its long axis toward the midline, occurs in the transverse/horizontal planes |
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Lateral Rotation |
turning a body part around its long axis away from the midline, occurs in transverse/horizontal planes |
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Cell |
the smallest structural and functional unit of a living organism |
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Tissue |
cells with similar morphology and function |
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Organ |
combination of several tissues for a common function |
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Head |
includes subdivisions; cranium and face |
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Trunk |
includes subdivisions; back, thorax, abdomen and pelvis |
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Upper limb |
shoulder - pectoral, scapular, deltoid, axilla arm (brachium) elbow forearm (antebrachium) hand - carpus (wrist), metacarpus, digits (fingers)* *thumb = pollex, index finger = indicis, little finger = digitus minimus |
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Lower limb |
gluteal thigh knee leg foot - tarsus (ankle), metatarsus, digits (toes)* *big toe = hallux, little tow = digitus minimus |
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Four-region pattern |
median vertical line and a horizontal line (tansumbilical) cross each other at the umbilicus (navel) - divides into RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ. left and right according to the person being studied |
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Right upper quadrant |
right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of stomach, small and large intestine |
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Left upper quadrant |
left lobe of liver, stomach, pancrease, left kidney, spleen, portions of large intestine |
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Right lower quadrant |
cecum, appendix, portions of small intestine, reproductive organs (right ovary in female and right spermatic cord in male), right ureter |
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Left lower quadrant |
most of small intestine and portions of large intestine, left uretor, and reproductive organs (left ovary in female and left spermatic cord in male |
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Nine region pattern |
two vertical lines (midclavicular lines) meet two horizontal lines (subcostal and transtubercular) most superior from right to left - right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region medial from right to left - right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region inferior from right to left - right inguinal region, hypogastric region, left inguinal region |
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Dorsal cavity |
subdivisions include cranial and vertebral cavity |
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Cranial cavity |
main contents are brain |
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Vertebral cavity |
main contents are spinal cord |
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Ventral cavity |
subdivisions include thoracic cavity (superior) and abdominopelvic cavity (inferior) |
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Thoracic cavity |
subdivisions include mediastinum and plural cavity separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm |
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Mediastinum |
not a true separated cavity divided into the superior and inferior medistinum. Superior mediastinum (middle, near sternum), contains trachea and esophagus. Inferior mediastinum = pericardial cavity contains the heart |
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Plural cavity |
right and left cavities, not separated from mediastinum but a specific structure. contain the lungs |
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Abdominopelvic cavity |
ventral cavity inferior to the diaphragm
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Abdominal cavity |
contains digestive viscera |
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Pelvic cavity |
contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs and rectun |
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Long bones |
consist of a long cylindrical body or shaft (diaphysis) and two distinct ends (epiphysis). bones of the arm, forearm, thigh and leg are examples of this type of bone |
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Short bones |
usually cuboidal in appearance such as wrist and ankle bones |
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Flat bones |
are thin and flattened bones wiht a mild curve such as ribs, some of the skull bones, scapula and sternum |
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Irregular bones |
lack any specific shape such as vertebrae and facial bones |
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Sesamoid bones |
(shaped like a sesame seed) are small round or flat bones partially embedded in the tendon of some muscles. these bones reduce friction between tendons and joint or change the direction of the pull exerted by muscles. Patella is the largest sesamoid bone |
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Axial skeleton |
forms the skeleton of the axis of the body (skull, middle ear ossicles, vertebral column, hyoid bone, ribs, and sternum) |
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Appendicular skeleton |
forms the skeleton of the limbs and is appended to the axial skeleton by shoulder and pelvic girdles |
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Shoulder girdle |
consists of clavicle and scapula |
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Pelvic girdle |
formed by the right and left hip bones |
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Upper limb skeleton |
includes humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges |
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Lower limb skeleton |
includes femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges |
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Skull |
consists of 22 bones 14 bones in the framework of the face (viscerocranium) 8 bones form the bony box (neurocranium) to hold the brain all skull bones join together by immobile joints known as sutures (except mandible which articulates with the temporal bone to form a mobile joint - temporomandibular joint) |
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Cranium |
the skull without the mandible |
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Viscerocranium |
paired lacrimal bone paired lasal bone paired zygomatic bone paired maxilla paired inferior nasal concha paired palatine bone mandible vomer |
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Neurocranium |
paired parietal bone paired temporal bone frontal bone occipital bone sphenoid bone ethmoid bone |
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Frontal bone |
large bone of the neurocranium that forms the forehead and much of the roof of the skull |
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Parietal bone |
forms the superior lateral sides of the neurocranium, paired bones right and left |
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Nasal bone |
forms the superior-most part of the nose, paired bone right and left |
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Sphenoid bone (greater wing) |
from the anterior view, can be seen at the back of the orbital cavity |
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Temporal bone |
paired bone on lateral sides of the neurocranium, right and left |
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Lacrimal bone |
small paired bone on the medial inferior sides of the opening to the orbital cavities |
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Ethmoid bone |
posterior to nasal bones
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Zygomatic bone |
paired, commonly known as the cheek bones, form the outside of the cheeks |
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Middle nasal concha
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medial part of ethmoid bone, forms the midline of the nasal cavity |
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Perpendicular plate |
part of ethmoid bone, right and left pairs on each side of nasal cavity |
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Inferior nasal concha |
more lateral to perpendicular plate on either side of nasal cavity |
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Vomer |
forms inferior portion of the midline of the nasal cavity |
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Maxilla |
paired bone, forms the upper jaw |
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Mandible |
lower jaw |
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Orbital cavity |
four-sided pyramidal spaced, with the apex pointed posteriorly major openings serve as passages for blood vessels and nerves |
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3 major openings of the orbital cavities |
superior and inferior orbital fissures and optic canal |
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Nasolacrimal duct |
bony channel that connects the medial corner of the orbital cavity to the nasal cavity |
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Nasal cavities |
separated from each other by a vertical bony septum on lateral wall of each nasal cavity there are three curved bony plates - superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae (inferior nasal conchae is an individual bone, other two are part of ethmoid bone) |
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Anterior nasal aperture |
anterior opening of each nasal cavity |
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Choana |
posterior opening of each nasal cavity formed posteriorly by the vomer bone formed anteriorly by the palatine bone formed laterally by the sphenoid bone |
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External acoustic (auditory) meatus |
prominent bony feature of the temporal bone, passage/opening leading into the internal parts of the ear |
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Mastoid process |
large flat process on the posterior end of the temporal bone, extends inferiorly |
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Styloid process |
thin, needle-like process anterior to the mastoid process, extends inferiorly |
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Zygomatic arch |
formed by process of the zygomatic and temporal bones |
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Coronoid process |
anterior process on the superior end of the mandible, fits under the zygomatic arch |
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Condylar process |
posterior bony process on the superior end of the mandible, articulates with the temporal bone |
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Mandicular ramus |
square shape portion on the lateral sides of the mandible, top corners are the condylar and coronoid processes |
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Lambdoid suture |
the suture between the parietal bones and the occipital bones |
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External occipital protuberance |
bony projection on the occipital bone, indicates the border between the head and neck |
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Calvaria |
dome-shaped roof of the skull (vault) - superior view of the skull |
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Coronal suture |
between the frontal bone and parietal bones |
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Sagittal suture |
between the left and right parietal bones |
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Bregma |
junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures in infants, known as the anterior fontanelle |
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Lambda |
intersection of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures in infants, known as the posterior fontanelle |
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Fontanelles |
membranes of connective tissue that allow the skull to grow proportionately |
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Hard palate |
on the base of the skull, can be seen externally formed by the maxillae and palatine bones |
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Pterygoid process |
bony process on the underside of the sphenoid bone |
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Anterior cranial fossa |
interior portion of the base of the skull, formed by the frontal (orbital plate), ethmoid (crista galli and cribriform plate) and sphenoid bone (lesser wings) |
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Middle cranial fossa |
interior portion of the base of the skull, formed by the sphenoid (greater wings and body) and temporal bones (petrous and squamous parts) |
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Hypopheaseal fossa |
bony landmark in the middle cranial fossa that houses the pituitary gland (small groove in the base of the skull) |
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Posterior cranial fossa |
interior portion of the base of the skull, mainly formed by the occipital bone (squamous and basilar parts) and termporal bones (petrous part) |
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Openings on cribriform plate |
small openings on the ethmoid bone in the anterior cranial fossa that allow passage of the olfactory nerve (CN I) |
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Optic canal |
opening under the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone anterior to the hypophyseal fossa/sella turcica in the anterior cranial fossa that allows passage of the optic nerve (CN II) |
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Superior orbital fissue |
under the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone, in the middle cranial fossa allows passage of the ocolomotor nerve (CN III, tochlear nerve (CN IV), opthalamic division of trigeminal nerve (CN V), abducens nerve (CN VI) |
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Foramen rotundum |
most anterior hole in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone in the middle cranial fossa allows passage of the maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (CN V) |
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Foramen ovale |
middle hole in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone in the middle cranial fossa allows passage of the mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (CN V) |
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Foramen spinosum |
most posterior/lateral hole in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone in the middle cranial fossa allows passage of the middle meningeal artery |
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Foramen lacerum |
medial/posterior hole in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone in the middle cranial fossa filled with cartilage |
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Carotid canal |
holes on lateral sides of the hypophyseal fossa/sella turcica in the middle cranial fossa allows passage of the internal carotid artery |
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Internal acoustic meatus |
hole on the medial sides of the temporal bone in the posterior cranial fossa allow passage of the facial nerve (CN VII) and vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) |
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Jugular foramen |
large hole between temporal bone and occipital bone in the posterior cranial fossa allows passage of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X) and accessory nerve (CN XI) |
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Foramen magnum |
largest hole in the base of the skull in the posterior cranial fossa allows passage of the medulla oblongata and vertebral arteries |
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Hypoglossal canal |
small holes on either side of the foramen magnum allow passage of the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) |
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Regions of the vertebral column |
cervical region (CI-CVII) thoracic region (TI-TXII) lumbar region (LI-LV) sacral region - sacrum formed by fused SI-SV coccygeal region - coccyx formed by 4-5 fused coccygeal vertebrae |
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Primary curvatures |
anteroposterior curvatures of the vertebral column present at birth conve posteriorly in the thoracic and sacral regions thoracic and sacral curvature, respectively |
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Secondary curvatures |
anteropopsterior curvatures of the vertebral column developed after birth convex anteriorly in the cervical and lumbar regions cervical and lumbar curvatures, respectively |
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Vertebral body |
anterior part of a typical vertebrae
cylindrical in shape but varies in different regions size gradually increases in lower segments of the vertebral column in order to accommodate the increasing forces applied by the body weight |
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Vertebral arch |
posterior part of a typical vertebrae made up of pedicles and laminae |
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Pedicles |
to bony projections that extend posterolaterally from the vertebral body |
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Superior and inferior vertebral notches |
notches in the margins of each pedicle
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Intervertebral foramen |
superior and inferior vertebral notches from adjacent vertebrae form a hole to allow passage for spinal nerves and associated structures |
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Laminae |
two bony ridges that project posteromedially from pedicles to join together in the midline |
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Transverse processes |
bony processes that extend laterally from the junction of the pedicles and laminae |
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Spinous process |
projects posteriorly from the junction of laminae in the midline |
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Articular processes |
paired processes arise from the junction of the pedicles and laminae |
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Superior articular process |
extend superiorly to articulate with inferior articular processes of the vertebra above |
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Inferior articular process |
extend inferiorly to articulate with the superior articular process of the vertebra below |
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Facet |
the smooth articulation surface at the end of a bony process |
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Cervical vertebrae |
typical cervical vertebrae (CII to CVI) carry bifurcated spnoud process and a transverse foramen on each transverse process |
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Thoracic vertebrae |
typical thoracic vertebrae (TII to TIX) are characterized by costal facets located on the sides of their bodies and transverse processes also carry long slender spinous process that points inferiorly |
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Lumbar vertebrae |
possess a large body and short thick spinous process |
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Atlas (CI) |
the first cervical vertebrae consists of two lateral masses connected together by anterior and posterior arches superior surface of lateral masses articulates with the occipital condyles inferior surface articulates with vertebra CII (acis) anterior arch of atlas articulates with the odontoid process of vertebrae vertebrae CII has transverse foramen |
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Axis (CII) |
second cervical vertebra acts as a picot for rotational movements of the head two articular processes lateral to the odontoid process that articulate with the lateral masses of atlas bifid spinous process and a transverse foramen on each of its transverse process |
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Odontoid process (dens axis) |
tooth-like vertical projection on the superior surface of the body that articulates with the anterior arch of atlas |
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Vertebra CVII |
the seventh cervical vertebra has the longest spinous process that is not bifurcated and is palpage through the skin thus known as prominent vertebra (vertebra prominens) |
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Sacrum |
wedge shaped bone formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae apex of the bone is point in inferiorly and articulates with coccyx, whereas the base faces superiorly and articulates with the fifth lumbar vertebrae |
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Auricular surface
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lateral surfaces of the bone carry an L-shaped articular surface that articulates with similar articular surfaces on the hip bone |
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Anterior sacral foramina |
on the relatively smooth concave anterior surface of the bone that allow the passage of the anterior rami of sacral spinal nerves |
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Sacral crests |
remnants of sacral vertebral processes on the convex posterior surface |
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Posterior sacral foramina |
four pairs on each lateral side of the sacrum that allow passage of the sacral spinal nerves |
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Sacral promontory |
anterior margin of the superior surface of the vertebra SI |
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Sacral ala |
triangular surface on either side of the sacral promontory on the anterior margin |
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Sacral canal |
continuation of the vertebral canal in sacrum |
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Sacral hiatus |
opening at the end of the sacral canal where the SV fail to fuse together |
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Coccyx |
tail bone - small triangular bone formed by the fusion of four to five coccygeal vertebrae base of the bone articulates with vertebra SV and apex is free |
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Sternum |
breast bone - flat bone that contributes to the formation of the anterior thoracic wall composed of manubrium, body and xiphoid process |
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Manibrium |
trapezoid bony plate that forms the proximal part of the sternum |
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Jugular notch/suprasternal notch |
notch on superior surface of the manubrium on the sternum has some articular surface on lateral margins for the first costal cartilage |
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Clavicular notch |
notches on either side of the jugular notch on the lateral ends of the manbrium articulate with the clavicle |
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Sternal angle (of Louis) |
angle between the manubrium and the body of the sternum prominent transverse ridge that indicates the sit of articulation of the second costal cartilage with the sternum angle is at the same level as the intervertebral disc between TIV and TV vertebrae |
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Body of sternum |
slightly convex anteriorly articular surfaces on either side for articulation with the costal cartilages of ribs II through VII |
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Xiphoid process |
comes in variety of shapes articulates with body of the sternum to form xiphisternal joint sides of the xipisternal joint articulate with costal cartilage of rib VII |
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Costae |
ribs - twelve pairs of flat curved bones that form most of the thoracic cage wall posterior end (head) articulates with thoracic vertebrae |
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True ribs
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anterior end of ribs articulate with sternum via their costal cartilages first seven pairs of ribs |
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False ribs |
first three pairs - anterior end of ribs articualte with sternum through the seventh costal cartilage last two pairs - anterior end does not articulate with sternum or other ribs (free/floating ribs) |
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Head of rib |
articulates with costal facets on the body of the thoracic vertebrae at the corresponding level and the vertebrae above |
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Neck of rib |
extends between the head and the costal tubercule |
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Tubercle of rib |
small bony elevation that articulates with the costal facet on the transverse process of the corresponding thoracic vertebra |
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Body/shaft of rib |
thin flat bony plate that curves anterolatterally curve most prominent at point of costal angle |
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Costal groove |
bony groove on inferior border of the internal surface, houses intercostal nerves and vessels |
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Thoracic cage |
protects vital organs such as the heart and lungs conical bony cavity formed by the thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages and sternum |
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Thoracic aperture |
bean-shaped opening at the apex of the thoracic cage, at the root of the neck, bounded by vertebra TI, first ribs and superior surface of manubrium |
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Inferior thoracic aperture |
bounded by vertebra TCII, eleventh and twelth ribs, costal margin, and xiphoid process sealed by the diaphragm |
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Costal margin |
formed by costal cartilages of ribs VII to X |
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Intercostal spaces |
separates ribs, contain intercostal muscles, nerves and vessels |
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Clavicle |
collar bone- S-shaped bone that articulates the upper limb to the axial skeleton medial curve is convex anteriorly lateral curve concave anteriorly medial/sternal end is relatively rounded lateral/acromial end is flattened |
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Scapula |
shoulder blade - flat triangular bone overlying ribs II to VII on the posterolateral aspect of thorax |
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Subscapular fossa |
concave anterior surface of the clavicle |
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Spine of scapula |
bony ridge that divides the posterior surface of the scapula |
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Supraspinous fossa |
superior surface of the posterior surface of the scapula |
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Infraspinous fossa |
inferior surface of the posterior surface of the scapula
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Glenoid cavity/fossa |
oval articular surface on the lateral angle of the scapula that articulates with the head of the humerus |
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Supraglenoid tubercles |
bony elevations above the articulation point of the head of humerus on the lateral end of the scapula |
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Infraglenoid tubercles |
bony elevations below the articulation point of the head of humerus on the lateral end of the scapula |
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Acromin |
flat bony plate formed by the lateral extension of the spine of scapula |
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Coracoid process |
beak-like projection on the superior border of the scapula with points anteriorly and laterally |
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Humerus |
arm bone - long bone consisting of proximal end, body (shaft) and distal end |
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Head of humerus |
smooth spherical surface directed medially and superiorly on the proximal end of the humerus
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Anatomical neck of humerus
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narrow part immediate below the head
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Greater and lesser tubercles |
two bony prominences below the anatomical neck |
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Intertubercular/bicipital groove |
attachment site of biceps muscle verticle groove that separates the tubercles on the humerus |
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Surgical neck of humerus |
narrow part of the proximal end directly distal to the greater and lesser tubercles most frequently fractured region of the proximal end of humerus |
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Deltoid tuberosity |
flat bony elevation on the lateral side of the body of the humerus |
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Radial/spiral groove |
behind and below the deltoid tuberosity shallow groove running inferolatterally on the body of humerus |
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Capitulum |
rounded articular surface on the lateral side of the distal end of the humerus |
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Trochlea |
pulley-shaped articular surface on the medial side of the distal end of the humerus |
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Later and medial epicondyles |
two prominent bony elevations located adjacent and proximal to the capitulum and trochles respectively |
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Medial and lateral supracondylar ridges |
two sharp bony ridges proximal to medial and lateral epicondyles, respectively |
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Radial fossa |
superior to capitulum on the anterior aspect of the distal end of humerus |
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Coronoid fossa |
superior to trochlea on the anterior aspect of the distal end of humerus |
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Olecranon fossa |
superior to troclea on the posterior aspect of the distal end of humerus |
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Radius |
long bone on the lateral side of the forearm |
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Proximal end of radius |
short cylindrical head narrow neck radial tuberosity on inferior side |
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Body of radius |
triangular in cross-section |
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Interosseous border |
sharp prominent border (medial on radius, lateral on ulna) articulates with connective tissue that connects the radius and ulna |
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Styloid process |
lateral aspect on distal end of radius |
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Ulnar notch |
medial aspect on distal end of radius |
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Ulna |
long bone on medial side of forearm |
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Olecranon process |
large process that articulates with humerus on proximal end of ulna |
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Coronoid process |
process inferior to olecranon process on the proximal end of ulna |
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Trochlear notch |
notch in between the olecranon process and the coronoid process on the proximal end of ulna |
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Radial notch |
lateral to coronoid process on the proximal end of ulna, articulates with the radius |
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Distal end of Ulna |
head and styloid process |
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Proximal row of carpal bones |
lateral to medial: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum and pisiform |
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Distal row of carpal bones |
lateral to medial: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate |
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Metacarpal bones |
numbered one to five lateral to medial |
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Phalanges |
each finger has three (proximal, middle, distal) except the thumb which only has two |
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Hip bone |
flat bone that consists of ilium, ischium and pubis which fuse together in a cup-like cavity |
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Acetabulum |
cup-like cavity of the hip bone |
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Lateral surface of the hip bone |
superior to inferior: gluteal surface acetabulum obturator foramen |
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Medial surface of the hip bone |
divided by medial border into iliac fossa (superior/anterior) and auricular surface (posterior) |
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Obturator membrane |
fibrous membrane that seals the obturator foramen on the inferior part of the medial surface of the hip bone |
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Superior border of the hip bone |
Anterior superior iliac spine, iliac crest and posterior superior iliac spine |
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Anterior border of the hip bone |
anterior superior iliace spine anterior inferior iliac spine superior pubic ramus pubic tubercle pubic crest |
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Inferior border of the hip bone |
ischiopubic ramus ramus between pubic body and ischial tuberosity |
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Posterior border of the hip bone |
posterior superior iliac spine posterior inferior iliac spine greater sciatic notch ischial spine lesser sciactic notch ischial tuberosity |
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Bony pelvis |
resembles big funner formed by four bones (right and left hip bones, sacrum, coccyx)
divided into false and true pelvises by superior pelvic aperture |
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Superior pelvic aperture |
round or oval bony ring formed from posterior to anterior by the promontory of sacrum, sacral ale, medial border of the left and right hip bones, superior pubic rami, pubic crests of the left and right pubic bones and pubic symphysis |
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Inferior pelvic aperture |
diamond shaped opening formed from posterior to anterior by the coccyx, sacrotuberous ligaments, ischiopubic rami and pubic symphysis |
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False pelvis |
part of the bony pelvis located above the superior pelvic aperature, bounded by the iliac fossa on each side contains parts of the digestive system |
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True pelvic |
location between and superior and inferior pelvic apertures and is bounded by pelvic surfaces of pubis, ischium, obturator memrbane, sacrum and coccyx contains parts of urinary and reproductive systems |
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Femur |
longest bone in the human body |
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Head of femur |
spherical articular surface on proximal end of the bone
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Neck of femur |
cylindrical narrow part inferior to the head on the proximal end of the bone |
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Lesser and greater trochanters |
bony projections on the proximal end of the femur |
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Intertrochanteric line |
connects two trochanters anteriorly on the proximal end of the femur |
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Intertrochanteric crest |
connects two trochanters posteriorly on the proximal end of the femur |
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Quadrate tubercle |
bony prominence on the intertrochanteric crest on the proximal end of the femur |
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Body of femur |
almost cylindrical |
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Linea aspera |
rough line - prominent posterior border on the body of femur |
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Gluteal tuberosity |
lateral extension of the proximal end of the linea aspera, extends towards the greater trochanter |
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Condyles of femur |
medial and lateral - carry articular surfaces on the distal end of femur |
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Patellar surface |
separates anterior side of medial and lateral condyles on the distal end of femur |
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Intercondylar notch |
separates posterior side of medial and lateral condyles on the distal end of femur U-shaped |
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Epicondyles of femur |
bony projection on each side of the distal end and superior to the condyles (medial and lateral) |
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Adductor tubercle |
bony projection superior to the medial epicondyle |
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Patella |
knee cap - larges sesamoid bone embedded within the quadriceps muscle tendon in front of the knee joint triangular bone with apex pointing inferiorly posterior surface carries articular surface to articulate with patellar surface of femur |
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Tibia |
long bone on medial side of the leg |
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Tibial condyles |
medial and lateral bony elevations on the proximal end of the tibia, carry articular surfaces on their superior aspects called tibial plates |
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Intercondylar eminence |
separates medial and lateral tibial condyles |
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Tibial tuberosity |
bony elevation on anterior surface of proximal end of tibia |
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Interosseous border |
lateral/medial border of triangular shaped bodies of tibia and fibula that articulates with connective tissue to connect the two bones |
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Soleal line |
rough line on the upper half of the posterior surface of the body of tibia |
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Medial malleolus |
bony projection on the medial side of the distal end of the tibia |
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Fibular notch |
notch on the lateral side of the distal end of the tibia |
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Proximal end of fibula |
carries head and neck of the bone |
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Body of fibula |
twisted longitudinally, has interosseous border on medial side |
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Distal end of fibula |
enlarges to form lateral malleolus |
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Calcaneus |
largest tarsal bone that forms the heel of the foot |
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Talus |
proximal tarsal bone, superior to calcaneus has head, neck and body from anterior to posterior |
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Navicular bone |
only bone in the middle group of tarsal bones |
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Cuboid |
cuboid bone in the distal end of the tarsal bones, proximal to the pinky toe (V) |
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Cuneiforms |
three distal tarsal bones; medial, intermediate and lateral |
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Metarsal bones |
numbered one to five from medial to lateral |
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Joint/articulation |
the site in which two or more bones or cartilages meet each other |
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Diarthrosis |
freely moveable joint |
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Amphiarthrosis |
slightly moveable joint |
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Synarthrosis |
immovable joint |
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Solid joints |
joints held together by connective tissue Classified as fibrous (dense connective tissue) or cartilaginous (cartilage) based on the type of connective tissue either amphiarthrosis or synarthrosis |
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Fibrous Joints |
linked together by dense connective tissue Three subdivisions: sutures, syndesmoses and gomphoses |
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Sutures |
fibrous joints held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock found only between the bones of the skull In early years of life the bones are held together by a thin layer of dense connective tissue that later will be replaced by bony tissue |
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Syndesmoses |
fibrous joints held together by a ligament can vary in length but longer than sutures example: middle radioulnar joint |
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Gomphosis |
"peg in socket" fibrous joint found between the roots of the teeth and the bony socket in the maxilla and mandible by an intervening ligament - periodontal ligament |
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Synchondroses |
solid cartilaginous joint in which the bones are linked together by hyaline cartilage e.g. growth plate of long bones that ossify before puberty joint between first rib and sternum (immovable) |
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Symphyses |
joints in which a fribrocartilage disc connects the bones e.g. the pubic symphysis or intervertebral disc (sandwiched between hyaline cartilage) |
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Synovial joints |
joint with a cavity between the bones, bones are held together by means of a fibrous capsule diarthrosis |
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Joint capsule |
basic feature of synovial joint, a fibrous sleeve-like structure that completely invests the joint and is supported by ligaments
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Joint (articular) cavity |
basic feature of synovial joint, a space enclosed by the joint fibrous capsule |
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Synovial membrane |
specialized layer of connective tissue that lines the internal joint surfaces except the articular surfaces of the bone secretes synovial fluid |
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Synovial cavity |
the space enclosed by synovial membrane |
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Synovial fluid |
watery fluid secreted by the synovial membrane contained within the synovial cavity nourishes articular cartilage but also lubricates and facilitates the joint movement |
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Articular cartilage |
thin layer of hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage that covers the articular surfaces of the bones |
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Nonaxial joint |
type of synovial joint plane (planar or gliding) joint in which the articular surfaces are almost flat performs sliding or gliding movements in different directions does not move in any particular plane e.g. intercarpal joints |
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Uniaxial (monoaxial) joints |
type of synovial joint hinge or pivot joints moves in a single plane |
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Hinge joint |
synovial joint convex pulley shaped articular surface meets a concave articular surface specifically designed to perform flexion and extension movements uniaxial e.g. elbow joint |
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Pivot joint |
synovial joint round articular surface fits a relatively shallow concave articular surface designed for rotational movements uniaxial e.g. proximal radioulnar joint |
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Biaxial joints |
type of synovial joint move in two planes ellipsoid/condyloid or saddle joints |
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Ellipsoid/condyloid joints |
oval convex articular surface of one bone meets the oval concave articular surface of anothe rbone allow for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction biaxial e.g. metacarpophlangeal joints |
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Saddle joints |
articualr surface of both bones resemble a saddle allow for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction biaxial e.g. first carpometacarpal joint |
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Multiaxial joints |
allow for movement in multiple planes ball and socket joint spherical articular surface of one bone fits with the cup-shaped articualr surface of the other bone permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotations and circumduction e.g. shoulder joint |
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Structures associated with synovial joints |
ligaments bursae menisci labrums intra-articular discs |
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Ligaments |
thick bands of dense connective tissue that join the bones to each other extrinsic ligaments - separate intrinsic ligaments - thickened part of the fibrous capsule |
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Bursae |
small sacs of connective tissue separating the moving structures around the joints (between skin and joint or muscle and joint) lined by a synovial membrane filled with synovial fluid |
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Meninsci |
incomplete fibrocartilage rings attached to articular surface of tibia to increase the joint congruency |
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Labrums |
fibrocartilage rings attached to the circumference of the glenoid cavity and acetabulum to enhance their depth |
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Intra-articular discs |
cushions of fibrocartilage found within the joints to absorb shocks and/or increase the congruency |
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Joints of the vertebral column |
vertebrae articulate with each other at three points two zygopophyseal (facet) joints on superior/inferior surfaces symphysis joints between vertebral bodies via the intervertebral disc |
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Intervertebral disc |
forms symphysis joint between bodies of vertebrae nucleus pulposus in the center, surrounded by layers of annulus fibrosis |
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Nucleus pulposus |
gelatinous substance centrally located in the intervertebral disc |
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Annulus fibrosus |
concentric layers of dense connective tissue in the intervertebral disc that surround inner gelatinous layer |
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Atlanto-axial joint |
joint between anterior arch of atlas (CI) and odontoid process of axis (CII) synovial pivot joint |
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Atlanto-occipital joints |
joints between atlas (CI) and condyles of occipital bone synovial condyloid joint |
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Anterior longitudinal ligament |
stretches along anterior surfaces of vertebral bodies |
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Posterior longitudinal ligament |
stretches along the posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies |
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Flava ligaments |
join the laminae of the adjacent vertebra to each other |
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Interspinous ligaments |
stretch between the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae |
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Supraspinous ligament |
joins the tips of the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae |
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Nuchal ligament |
proximal extension of the supraspinous ligament in the neck region fans out in sagittal plane to attach to occipital bone |
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Costovertebral joints |
head of a typical rib articulates with the vertebral bodies of the thoracic vertebra tubercle of a typical rib articulates with the costal facet on the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae synovial planar type joint |
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Sternocostal joints |
anterior end of the first seven pairs of ribs articualte with the sternum via their costal cartilages the next three pairs of ribs articulate with the sternum via the costal cartilage of the seventh rib synovial planar type joint (except first pair - synchondroses) |
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Manubriosternal joint |
symphysis type joint between manubrium and body of the sternum often become ossified with age |
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Xiphisternal joint |
formed between the body of the sternum and the xiphoid process symphysis joint often become ossified with age |
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Sternoclavicular joint |
synovial saddle joint between the medial end of the clavicle and the manubrium of the sternum has articular disc (fibrocartilage disc that separates articular surfaces of joint) anchors upper limb to axial skeleton |
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Sacroiliac joints |
formed between auricular surfaces of the sacrum and hip bones synovial planar type joints often become fibrous with age |
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Anterior and posterior sacroiliac ligaments |
support the sacroiliac joints transfer body weight to the lower limbs |
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Pubic symphysis |
symphysis type joint between pubic parts of the right and left hip bones |
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Sacrotuberous ligament |
stretched between the sacrum and ischial tuberosity oh the hip bone |
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Sacrospinous ligament |
connects the sacrum to the ischial spine of the hip bone |
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Greater and lesser sciatic foramen |
spaces between the ligaments of the pelvis
greater - superior between the anterior sacroiliac ligament and the sacrotuberous/sacrospinous ligament lesser - inferior between the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligament |
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Temporomandibular joint |
mandible articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone to form a condyloid synovial joint articular disc divides teh articular cavity into two separate compartments |
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Acromioclavicular joint |
planar synovial joint that forms between the lateral (acromial) end of the clavicle and the acromion of the scapula
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Coracoclavicular ligament |
ligament that supports the acromioclavicular joint |
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Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint |
ball and socket synovial joint that forms between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula |
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Labrum glenoid |
fibrocartilage ring that surrounds the glenoid cavity of the scapula deepends the cavity for a better congruency with the head of the humerus |
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Glenohumeral ligaments |
supportes the glenohumeral joint thickened parts of the joint capsule |
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Elbow joint complex |
composed of three joints: humero-ulnar joint, humero-radial joint, proximal radio-ulnar joint all invested by the same fibrous capsule |
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Humero-ulnar joint |
synovial hinge joint formed between the trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna |
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Humero-radial joint |
this joint is of synovial condyloid type formed between capitulum of humerus and superior surface of the head of radiua |
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Proximal radio-ulnar joint |
synovial pivot joint formed between the circumference of the head of radius and the radial notch of ulna considered an individual joint |
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Ulnar collateral ligament |
thickening of elbow joint capsule on the medial side to support the elbow joint |
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Radial collateral ligament |
thickening of elbow joint capsule on the lateral side to support the elbow joint |
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Annular ligament |
holds head of radius against the radial notch of ulna
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Middle radioulnar joint |
fibrous syndesmosis joint interosseous mebrane connects the interosseous borders of the ulna and radia |
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Distal (inferior) radioulnar joint |
synovial pivot joint between the head of ulna and the ulnar notch of radius shares capsule with wrist joint joint cavity is separated from wrist by articular disc |
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Radioulnar joints |
three (proximal, middle, distal) involved in supination and pronation movements of the forearm |
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Wrist joint complex |
three components enveloped by the same fibrous capsule
radio-carpal joint, midcarpal joint, intercarpal joint the first two are the true wrist joint |
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Radio-carpal joint |
synovial ellipsoid joint between the distal end of the radius and the proximal row of the carpal bones (except pisiform) |
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Ligaments supporting the radio-carpal joint |
medial (ulnar) collateral ligament lateral (radial) collateral ligament palmar and dorsal ulno-carpal ligament palmar and dorsal radio-carpal ligaments |
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Midcarpal joints |
series of small synovial planar joints formed between the proximal and distal carpal bones |
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Intercarpal joints |
group of small synovial planar joints between the proximal or distal carpal bones |
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Carpometacarpal joints |
the first is a synovial saddle joint between the trapezium and the proximal end of the first metacarpal bone the rest are synovial planar joints between the rest of the distal carpal bones and the proximal end of the medial four metacarpal bones |
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Metacarpophalangeal joints |
synovial condyloid joints between the distal end of metacarpal bones and the proximal end of proximal phalanges |
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Interphalangeal joints |
synovial hinge joints between the phalanges proximal and distal joints between the three phalanges |
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Hip joint |
ball and socket synovial joint formed between the head of femur and the acetabulum of hip bone |
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Labrum acetabulum |
fibrocartilage ring that attaches to the rim of acetabulum to deepen the cavity for better congruency with the head of femur |
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Round ligament of the head of the femur |
relatively flat intracapsular ligament that assists the stability of the hip joint |
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Ligaments that support the hip joint |
thickened parts of the joint capsule iliofemoral pubofemoral ischiofemoral |
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Knee joint |
complex joint composted of two components |
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Medial and lateral tibiofemoral joints |
synovial condyloid joint between the femoral condyles and the superior surface of the tibial condyles |
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Patellofemoral joint |
synovial planar joint between the patella surface of the femur and the posterior surface of the patella |
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Medial and lateral menisci |
pair of crescent shape fibrocartilage pads that lie between the femoral condyles and tibial plates act as shock absorbers but also improve congruency between articular surfaces |
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Tibial and fibular collateral ligaments |
thickenings of the joint capsule
provides side to side stability |
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Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments |
intracapsular ligaments that provide antero-posterior stability |
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Proximal (superior) tibiofibular joint |
synovial planar joint between the head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia |
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Middle tibiofibular joint |
fibrous syndesmosis joint in which an interosseous membrane connects the interosseous borders of the tibia and fibula |
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Distal (inferior) tibiofibular joint |
fibrous syndesmosis joint between the fibular notch of tibia and distal end of fibula |
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Ankle (talocrural) joint |
synovial hinge joint formed between the distal ends of the tibia and fibula and the body of talus |
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Medial (deltoid) and lateral ligaments |
provide stability for the ankle joint |
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Intertarsal joint |
series of small synovial planar joints between tarsal bones |
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Tarsometatarsal joints |
synovial planar joints formed between the distal group of tarsal bones and the proximal end of metatarsal bones |
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Metatarsophalangeal joints |
synovial condyloid joints between distal end of metarsal bones and the proximal end of proximal phalanges |
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Central nervous system |
includes the brain and spinal cord |
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Gray matter |
composed of nerve cell bodies, bundles of unmyelinated nerve fibers and non-neuronal supportive cells (neuroglia) forms an H-shaped inner core in the spinal cord forms outer shell, cortex in the brain |
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White matter |
consists of bundles of myelinated nerve fibers known as tracts wraps around spinal cord forms the center part of the brain |
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Nucleus |
cluster of nerve cell bodies embedded within the CNS |
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Ganglion |
aggregation of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS |
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Peripheral nervous system |
includes spinal and cranial nerves and associated ganglia |
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Spinal cord |
terminal cord-like part of the CNS located in the vertebral canal 43 to 45 cm long occupying the upper two-thirds of the vertebral canal starts from the medulla oblongata at the level of foramen magnum and ends at the level of LI-LII intervertebral disc in newborn infants it extends as low as LIII |
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Cervical enlargement |
enlargement of the spinal cord that gives rise to the nerves innervating the upper limbs |
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Lumbar (lumbosacral) enlargement |
enlargement of the spinal cord that gives rise to the nerves innervating the lower limbs |
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Conus medullaris |
the region of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar enlargement that tapers down |
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Ventral (anterior) median fissure |
longitudinal groove on the surface of the spinal cord ventral/motor rootlets emerge from either side of the groove to join to form the motor root of spinal nerves |
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Dorsal (posterior) median sulvus |
longitudinal groove on the surface of the spinal cord dorsal/sensory rootlets emerge from either side of the groove to join to form the sensory root of the spinal nerves |
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Dorsal root ganglion |
a ganglion that associates with each dorsal root of the spinal cord houses the cell bodies of sensory neurons |
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Spinal nerve |
formed by the union of the ventral and dorsal roots |
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Spinal cord segment |
section of the spinal cord that gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves, 31 segments total 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal |
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Ventral (anterior) horn |
ventral part of the "H" shape, one horn on each side in the grey matter of the spinal cord contain cell bodies of the motor neurons that their axons form the motor roots |
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Dorsal (posterior) horn |
dorsal part of the "H" shape, one horn on each side in the grey matter of the spinal cord contain cell bodies of the sensory neurons |
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gray commissure |
narrow strip that connects the right and left halves of the gray matter contains the central canal |
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Lateral horn |
third horn between the dorsal and ventral horns visible in TI-L2 (carry cell bodies of sympathetic neurons) and S2-S4 (carry cell bodies of parasympathetic neurons) |
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Ventral, lateral and dorsal columns (funiculi) |
columns of myelinated nerve fibers (tracts) in the white matter of the spinal cord (ascending and descending) |
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Ascending (sensory) tract |
convey the messages from the periphery to the upper centers of the nervous system e.g. dorsal (posterior) spinocerebellar tract, dorsal column (medial lemniscus tract and lateral spinothalamic tract) |
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Descending (motor) tracts |
convey the messages from the upper centers of the nervous system to the periphery e.g. lateral and ventral corticospinal tracts |
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Major sensory tracts of the spinal cord |
relay sensory information from sensory receptors to the sensory areas of the brain consist of three sets of neurons (except dorsal spinocerebellar tract) |
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1st order neuron of sensory tract |
resides in dorsal root ganglion of spinal nerve conducts impules from sensory receptors to the spinal cord or medulla oblongata |
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2nd order neuron of sensory tract |
located either in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord or within the medulla oblongata and relays impulses to the thalamus |
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3rd order neuron of sensory tract |
resides in thalamus and conveys impulses to the general sensory area of the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex |
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Dorsal spinocerebellar tract |
conducts impulses concerned with unconscious proprioception collected from the joints and muscles of the lower limb and trunk to the cerebellar cortex 1st order neuron in dorsal root ganglion synapses with 2nd order neurons from dorsal spinocerebellar tract that travels in the lateral column (funiculus) of the spinal cord tract ascends through the medulla oblongata and ends to the ipsilateral cerebellar cortex after passing through the inferior cerebellar peduncle |
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Dorsal column (medial lemniscus) tract |
conducts nerve impulses for conscious proprioception collected from joints and muscles except TMJ, and discriminative (fine) tough from the entire body (except most of the head) to the cerebral cortex 1st order neuron located in dorsal root ganglion, ascends in dorsal column and synapses with 2nd order neuron in the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus within the medulla oblongata axon of 2nd order neuron decussates and ascend through the brainstem as the medial lemniscus which synapses with the third order neuron in the thalamus 3rd order neuron projects to sensory area of cerebral cortex for conscious sensation |
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Lateral spinothalamic tract |
conveys impulses concerned with pain and temperature collected from the entire body (except head region) 1st order neuron of this tract is located in the dorsal root ganglion of the spinal nerve, synapses with 2nd order neuron in sht dorsal horn of the spinal cord 2nd order neuron decussates and ascends through the lateral column of the spinal cord and synapses with 3rd order neuron in the thalamus projects information to cerebral cortex |
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Major motor tracts of the spinal cord |
relay motor instruction from the frontal lobe or nuclei of the brainstem to the spinal cord consist of two sets of neurons (upper and lower motor neurons) |
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Pyramidal tracts |
motor tract of the spinal cord that conveys impulses for the control of skeletal muscles of the limbs and trunk and include the lateral and ventral corticospinal tracts |
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Extrapyramidal tracts |
motor tract of the spinal cord that conduct signals that regulate body movements that are subconscious or postural in nature (rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal, reticulospinal) |
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Upper motor neurons |
reside in motor cortex of the cerebral hemispheres in pyramidal tracts reside in brainstem and cerebellar in extrapyramidal tracts |
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Lower motor neurons |
located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord exit the spinal cord as ventral root of the spinal nerve and target skeletal muscles |
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Lateral corticospinal tract |
pyramidal pathway UMN in motor cortex of cerebrum, descend through brainstem decussate at level of caudal medulla oblongata and continue in the lateral column of the spinal cord synapse with LMNs of ipsilateral ventral horn |
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Ventral corticospinal tract |
pyramidal pathway UMN in motor cortex of cerebrum, descend through brainstem travel down ventral column of spinal cord decussate before synapsing with KMNs of contralateral ventral horn of the spinal cord |
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Rubrospinal tract |
extrapyramidal pathway UMNs reside in red nucleus of midbrain decussate at level of midbrain then descend through the medulla oblongata and the lateral column of the spinal cord synapse with LMNs of ispilateral ventral horn of the spinal cord |
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Brainstem |
composed of medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain (inferior to superior) acts as a passageway for all ascending and descending tracts between the cerebrum and spinal cord contains nuclei of the cranial nerves III to XII regulates the automatic behaviours required for survival such as respiration |
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Ponto-medllary sulcus |
separates medulla superiorly from pons |
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Pyramid |
anterior elevation on either side of the median anterior fissure on the medulla oblongata |
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Olive |
smaller elevation lateral to the pyramid on the medulla overlies the inferior olivary nucleus |
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Medulla oblongata |
pyramidal in shape cranial nerves IX, X, XI, and XII emerge from the anterolateral surface superior is similar to brain (grey/white orientation) inferior similar to spinal cord |
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Inferior olivary nucleus |
relay center for proprioceptive information to the cerebellum in the medulla oblongata |
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Nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus |
associated with medial lemniscus tract in the medulla oblongata |
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Pons |
anterior to cerebellum, superior to medulla and inferior to midbrain
anterior surface is convex crianial nerve V on anterolateral surface of the pons gray matter on the inside |
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Basilar sulcus |
longitudinal groove on the anterior surface of the pons, occupied by basilar artery |
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Pontine nucleu |
relay center for motor pathways between cerebrum and cerebellum that coordinates voluntary movements in the pons |
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Midbrain |
superior to the pons, inferior to the diencephelon |
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Cerebral peduncles |
two columns in the anterior aspect of the midbrain cranial nerve II emerges here |
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Crus cerebri |
collective name for descending tracts such as corticospinal and corticobulbar tract that are contained in cerebral peduncles |
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Superior and inferior colliculi |
four elevations on the posterior aspect of the midbrain nuclei deep to these is the relay center for the visual and auditory reflexes |
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Red nucleus |
major nuclei in the midbrain, involved in rubrospinal tract of extrapyramidal pathway |
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Substantia nigra |
functionally linked to basal ganglia regulating voluntary movements major nuclei in the midbrain |
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Cerebellum |
contained within posterior cranial fossa underneath the tentorium cerebelli, behind the medulla and pons coordinates voluntary movements and maintenance of posture and balance |
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Cerebellar hemispheres |
two sides of the cerebellum |
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Vermis |
worm like structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres |
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Superior cerebellar peduncles |
carry axons that connect the cerebellum tot he red nucleus of the midbrain and thalamus |
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Middle cerebellar peduncles |
connect the pontine nucleu of the pons to the cerebellum |
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Inferior cerebellar peduncles |
carry bundles of axons travelling between medulla and cerebellum such as spinocerebellar tracts |
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Cerebellar cortex |
gray matter that surrounds white matter in which deep cerebellar nuclei are located thrown into folds that appear as leaf-like ridges (folia) |
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Diencephalon |
located between the cerebral hemispheres and midbrain includes thalami and other structures surrounding the third ventricle (hypothalamus and epithalamus) |
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Thalamus |
egg shaped structure consisting of a group of nuclei most of which are sensory relays all senses (except smell) to certain sensory areas of the cerebral hemisphere |
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Hypothalamus |
located inferior and medial to the thalamus and functions as the center of the autonomic nervous system controlling emotion, body temperature, eating, drinking etc. regulates function of the major components of the endocrine system through the pituitary gland |
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Epithalamus |
small region posterior and superior to the thalamus mainly consists of pineal gland which regulates the circadian rhythm and distribution of pigment melanin in the skin |
|
Cerebrum |
consists of an outer cerebral cortex, internal white matter and nuclei deep within white matter left and right cerebral hemispheres contained within anterior and middle cranial fossae |
|
Longitudinal fissure |
separates two cerebral hemispheres |
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Frontal lobe |
initiates motor impulses |
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Parietal lobe |
receives general sensory stimuli |
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Temporal lobe |
receive auditory impulses |
|
Occipital lobe |
receive visual impulses |
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Gyri |
folds in the outer surface of the cerebrum |
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Sulci |
grooves/furrow in the cerebrum |
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Central sulcus |
separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe |
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Lateral sulcus |
superior boundary of the temporal lobe and separates it from the frontal and parietal lobes
|
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Parieto-occipital sulcus |
separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe |
|
Basal ganglia |
clusters of nuclei within the white matter include caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus - coordinate motor function |
|
Association fibers |
join different parts of the same cerebral hemisphere |
|
Commissural fibers |
connect the different gyri of one hemisphere to the corresponding gyri of the other hemisphere |
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Corpus callosum |
largest commissural fiber bundle located at the bottom of the longitudinal fissure |
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Projectional fibers |
include the ascending and descending fibers connecting the cortex to the lower centers of the CNS |
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Internal capsule |
thick band of white matter located between the caudate nucleus and putamen anteriorly example of projectional fiber |
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Cerebral ventricles |
lumen of neural tube in the brain house specialised vascular plexus known as choroid plexus that secretes cerebrospinal fluid and circulates in all cerebral ventricles, central canal of spinal cord and subarachnoid space |
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Central canal |
lumen in the spinal cord |
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Choroid plexus |
vascular plexus in the cerbral canals that produces cerebrospinal fluid |
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Lateral ventricles |
amorphous space in each cerebral hemisphere |
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Interventricular foramen of Monro |
connects the third ventricle to each lateral ventricle |
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Third ventricle |
irregular and narrow space located within the diencaphalon between the left and right thalami |
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Cerebral aqueduct |
passes through the midbrain connects the third and fourth ventricles |
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Fourth ventricle |
diamond shaped space that is bounded by the pons and upper part of medulla anteriorly and cerebellum posteriorly connected to spinal cord inferiorly |
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Lateral apertures |
connects the third and forth ventricles (foramina of Luschka) |
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Median aperture |
(foramen of Magendi) connects fourth ventricle to subarachnoid space |
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Dura Mater |
thick layer of dense connective tissue that attaches to the inner surface of the neurocranium in the skull ends at SII in the skull composed of two layers (periosteal and meningeal) |
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Epidural space |
space between the walls of the vertebral canal and the dura mater |
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Dural reflections |
incomplete partitions to divide the cranial cavity into compartments, made of the meningeal layer of the dura mater |
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Falx cerebri |
dural reflection, sagittal sickle shape reflection that occupies the longitudinal fissure of the cerebrum and partially separates the cerebral hemispheres |
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Tentorium cerebelli |
dural reflection, tent-like horizontal sheet that intervenes between the cerebellum and occipital lobe of the cerebral hemispheres notched anteriorly to provide passage for the midbrain |
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Falx cerebelli |
less prominent vertical reflection of the dura in sagittal plane along the vermis that partially separates the cerebellar hemispheres |
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Dural sinuses |
drain the venous blood of the brain to the circulatory system |
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Arachnoid mater |
thin layer of loose connective tissue attached to the inner surface of the dura mater |
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Subarachnoid space |
between arachnoid mater and pia mater, contains CSF continuous around the spinal cord and ends at vertebra SII |
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Lumbar cistern |
space between the end of the spinal cord (LI-LII) and vertebra SII where the subarachnoid space ends contains roots of spinal nerves and CSF |
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Arachnoid granulations (villi) |
small finger-like projections of the arachnoid mater mostly on the superior part of the brain drain CSF into dural sinuses |
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Pia mater |
delicate, thin layer of connective tissue that is intimately in touch with the surface of the brain and spinal cord follow contours and carries blood vessels to the depth of the nervous tissue |
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Denticulate ligaments |
lateral triangular extensions of pia mater ant anchor the spinal cord to the deep surface of the arachnoid and dura maters |
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Filum terminale |
extension of the pia mater arising from the conus medullaris that extends inferiorly and fuses with arachnoid and dura maters to anchor spinal cord to the coccyx |
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CNI |
olfactory nerve passes through cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone |
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CNII |
optic nerve
passes through optic canal
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CNIII |
oculomotor nerve signals five of the extra ocular muscles, ciliary muscle and sphincter pupil passes through superior orbital fissure |
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CNIV |
trochlear nerve signals one of the extra ocular muscles passes through superior orbital fissure |
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CNV |
trigeminal nerve, three branches: opthalamic, maxillary and mandibular division |
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Opthalamic division |
relays sensory information from cornea, skin of anterior scalp, upper eyelids and nose passes through superior orbital fissure |
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Maxillary division |
relays sensory information from the skin of the face between lower eyelid and upper lip, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, upper teeth, palates passes through foramen rotundum |
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Mandibular division |
relays sensory and motor information from skin covering mandible and lateral scalp, lower teeth, oral cavity (except palates) and muscles of mastication passes through foramen ovale |
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CN VI |
abducent nerve motor nerve that signals one of the extra ocular muscles passes through superior orbital fissure |
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CN VII |
facial nerve relays sensory, motor and autonomic information, taste of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, msucles of facial expression, submandibula, sublingual and lacrimal glands passes through the internal acoustic meatus |
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CN VIII |
vestibulocochlear nerve relays sensory information for hearing and balance passes through internal acoustic meatus |
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CN IX |
glossopharyngeal nerve relays sensory, motor and autonomic information from taste and general sensation of the posterior one third of the tongue, stylopharyngeus muscle, general sensation of oropharynx, carotid sinus and carotid body passes through jugular foramen |
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CN X |
vagus nerve relays sensory, motor, autonomic information from general sensation of larynx, laryngopharynx and trachea, pharyngeal muscles and parasympathetic innervation of lungs, heart and parts of the GI tract passes through jugular foramen |
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CN XI |
accessory nerve relays motor information for sternocleidomastoid and trapezius passes through jugular foramen |
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CN XII |
hypoglossal nerve relays motor information to the muscles of the tongue (except palatoglossus) passes through the hypoglossal canal |