Midterm 1, 214 Key Terms

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Catal Huyuk: purpose

Back 1

-First planned city
-Turkey

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Catal Huyuk: people

Back 2

-Archaeologist Mellart discovers this city

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Catal Huyuk: architectural features

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-Courtyard city.
-Each house had thick, thermal, mud-brick walls
-entry way in the roof.

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Catal Huyuk: other

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-Inhumation burial: when the body is left to decay until bones, then bones are wrapped and carried with family.

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Stonehenge: purpose

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-Commemorates death
-Calendar based on lunar cycles and solstices
-Animistic shrine

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Stonehenge: people

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-“Beaker people” invade during construction period and force people to rebuild Stonehenge larger.
-John Aubrey finds holes in ground speculated to be burial places for cremated remains of important people

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Stonehenge: architectural features

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-Bluestones: large stones chosen because when hit by light they seem to glow
-Tribiation: crossbar with two uprights
-Trilithon: three stones (lithos=stone in Greek)
-Menhir: “standing stone” in local Celtic dialect

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Woodhenge: purpose

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-Commemorates life
-For ceremonies in conjunction with Stonehenge

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Avebury: purpose

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-Near Stonehenge
-speculated to be religious ‘headquarters’

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Avebury: architectual

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-Rocks irregular in shape but evenly spaced around circle
-supposed to be 10x the side of Stonehenge

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Silbury: purpose

Back 11

-Near Avebury
-represents belly of pregnant woman and is symbol of fertility

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Silbury: architectual

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-Dome shaped, earth-covered mound in ground

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Skarabrae: purpose

Back 13

-Scotland
-planned community around the same time as Stonehenge

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Skarabrae: architectual

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-Corbeling: placing one stone above another, increasing the cantilever to create dome without using mortar

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Saqqara: Purpose

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-South of Cairo
-burial place of Pharaoh Zoser

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Saqqara: People

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-Architect Imhotep. Later becomes deified for medical/healing abilities

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Saqqara: architectual

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Mastaba: “bench” in Arabic. Made from mud and used to cover graves
-Imhotep builds 5-tiered Mastaba

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Hed Seb: purpose

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-Ceremony where pharaoh runs around track to see if he is fit to reign. If not, he is killed

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Giza: purpose

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-Ceremonial complex for Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure
-Khufu’s pyramid was the first build and the largest, followed by Khafre

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Giza: people

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Khufu was the father of Khafre and Menkaure

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Giza: architectual

Back 21

-Angle of pyramid edge is 51.5° because it was the closest to angle of sun and was efficient.
-Pyramids built with traps and lots of paths to stop grave robbers
-Dressed (smoothed) limestone with golden capstone
-Theories on how it was built: like an onion with lots of cladded layers; with ramps
-moved stones by rolling logs
-used water channels as natural level

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Giza: other

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Sphinx (lion and human being) nearby pyramids

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Muyden: Purpose

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-example of pyramid built from middle outwards

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temples

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-Period of Pyramids followed by period of temples

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Temples: architectual

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-usually linear
-Pylon gate: large entry way with flags and many colors
-First chamber for public worship
-second chamber: less public, for priest and important-people worship
-third chamber: storage, mostly for holy artifacts

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temples: other

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-Gans effect: opening in ceiling creates ethereal feeling

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Temple of Hawara: purpose

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-temple which was robbed, giving the idea to Mentuhotep to build in Luxor

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Temple of Mentuhotep: purpose

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-Luxor, or the “Valley of the Kings and Queens
-Burial complex for Mentuhotep II

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Temple of Mentuhotep: people

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-Mentuhotep witnessed grave-robbing and decided to build his temple in Luxor.

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Temple of Mentuhotep: architectual

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-Mentuhotep’s pyramid built into mountain wall under “Al Qurn”, hornlike, pyramidlike mound.

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Deir al Bahri: meaning

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- “By the Water” in Arabic
- In Luxor, near Temple of Mentuhotep
-Burial complex for Hatshepsut

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Deir al Bahri: people

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-Hatshepsut, regent for son Thutmoses, adds onto Mentuhotep’s complex
-Semnut is Hatshepsut’s architect (and possible lover)

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Deir al Bahri: architectual

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-Hatshepsut’s temple series of terraces
-Hypostyle hall: structure with many columns

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Temple of Amunra: purpose

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-Biggest temple in Egypt in Luxor

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Temple of Amunra: architectual

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-Clearastory: short wall which allows light in
- Impost block: top of column which allows roof to be raised without being seen so it gives the effect that the roof is levitating.

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Temple of Abydos: purpose

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-near Luxor
-main temple for Osiris (where his head was buried)

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Temple of abydos: people

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-Osiris was pharaoh who was killed by brother. Wife, Isis, magically revives him but brother kills him again by cutting him into 9 different pieces. Isis finds all of them and gives each body part to a different part of Egypt
-Osiris becomes symbol of Egypt, renewal, and life
-built by Seti I

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temple of abydos: architectual

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L-shaped temple
-magazine storehouse for sacrifices
-democratic worship place because everyone can enter, not just priests

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temple of abydos: other

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-Nomes: districts of Egypt according to distribution of Osiris’s body parts

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Armarna: purpose

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-New capital during Akenaten’s reign (changed from Thebes/Luxor)

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amarna: people

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-Akenaten changed his name to “lover of sun” and changed culture to monotheistic, sun-worshiping culture. Married Nefertiti, prized for beauty
-Son, Tutankhamen, changes culture and capital back

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amarna: archtiectual

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-Disc-shaped site oriented towards setting sun

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aten

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sun

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Temple of Abusimebl: purpose

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temple for ramses II

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temple of Abusumebl: people

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-Ramses II most powerful pharaoh. Extended Egypt’s borders

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Temple of Abusimebl: architectual

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-Four large statues of Ramses in the front with wives at his feet
-Sculpture of Ramses inside positioned so that light will shine directly on him on his birthday

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City of Knossos

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minoan: capital city

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city of Knossos: people

Back 48

-King Minos
-Minotaur: Minos raises prize bulls. Tries to con Zeus by selling him fake. Zeus gets angry and forces Minos’s wife to mate with cow, producing half-bull, half-human minotaur. Minotaur confined to labyrinth

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city of knossos: archtiectual

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-Oriented North-South
-utilitarian buildings on the outside of the city on the East/West sides which acted as insulation for the inside --Central court placed to get fresh air.
-Lustral baths: public baths located at entry points to city so everyone will be clean
-Megaron: throne room for king.
-Columns skinny at the bottom, wide at the top

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city of knossos: other

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City wiped out by volcanic eruption and Mycenae takes over. Mycenae take Minoans as slaves

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Lion gate( mycenae)

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entryway into city of mycenae

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lion gate: archtiectual

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logo at top is emblem of power (lions controlling/own column)
-Tribiation: two uprights with a crossbar

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lion gate: other

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-cemetery to soldiers first site upon entry
-Mycenae highly military-oriented

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treasury of atreus: purpose

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-used either for storage or for burial

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treasury of atreus: architectual

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- Corbeling: placing one stone above another, increasing the cantilever to create dome without using mortar
-Tholos: narrow entryway

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city of troy: purpose

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-City which was leader during time between height of Mycenae and emergence of Greece

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city of troy: architectual

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- small
-no remains, pure speculation

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temple of hera

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-First Greek stone temple
-in Paestum

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temple of hera: architectual

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-Columns highly curved. Neither Doric nor ionic
-Entasis: swelling of columns

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Temple of Delphi

Back 60

-Temple for Apollo
-at Parnassus, believed to be mountain where gods lived

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-Temple for delphi: other

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-Oracle in well (probably in hallucinogenic gasses) of Delphi tells Greeks to “hide behind walls of wood” when fighting against Persians

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Acropolis: purpose

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-5 main elements: Temple of Athena Nike, Parthenon, Propylaea, Erectheum, Pinacotheca

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Acropolis: people

Back 63

Pericles is a Greek leader/general who rebuilds Parthenon by collecting money from all the Greek city-states

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Acropolis: architectual

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Propylaea: gateway designed by Menisicles. Has all types of columns to show Greece uniting
-Erectheum: temple to Erectheus, founder of Greece. Caryatids: greek column in shape of human. Supports theory that columns are based on human structure
- Panatheneca: museum/dedication to builders
-Temple of Athena Nike: commemorates battle of Salinas and
faces towards battlegrounds
-Parthenon: Doric order with frieze that depicts panathenaic procession. Slight curves lead to perfect-appearing proportions. Pentelic marble used. Huge statue of Athena inside. Iktinos and Kallikrates.

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City of Agora: architectual

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Buildings oriented toward path of Panathenaic Procession

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city of agora: other

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-Panathenaic Procession: parade through Agora which all Greeks took annually

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Temple of Apollo in Bassae: purpose

Back 67

temple of apollo

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Temple of Apollo in Bassae: people

Back 68

Built by Iktinos (co-builder of Parthenon)

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Temple of Apollo in Bassae: architectural

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-Doric order
-able to be entered by everyone