Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
enveloped DNA viruses
|
HPH:
Hepadnavirus (HBV) Poxvirus (smallpox, vaccinia, molluscum contagiosum) Herpesvirus (HSV, VZV, EBV, CMV, HHV-6, HHV-8) |
|
naked DNA viruses
|
PAP:
Parvovirus (B19: slapped cheeks rash [5th disease], hydrops fetalis) Adenovirus (pharyngitis, pneumonia, conjunctivitis) Papovavirus (HPV, JC virus) |
|
icosahedral RNA viruses
|
Picornavirus (polio, echo, rhino, coxsackie, HAV)
Calicivirus (HEV, norwalk) Reovirus (colorodo tick fever and rotavirus) Flavivirus (HCV, yellow fever, dengue, st. louis encephalitis, WNV) Togavirus (rubella, EEE, WEE) |
|
helical RNA viruses
|
Orthomyxovirus (influenza)
Paramyxovirus (parainfluenza, RSV, measles, mumps) Rhabdovirus (rabies) Filovirus (ebola, Marburg) Coronavirus (common cold, SARS) Arenavirus (LCV from mice) Bunyavirus (sandfly and rift valley fever, crimean-congo, hantavirus) Deltavirus (HDV) |
|
live attenuated vaccines
|
MMR, sabin polio, VZV, yellow fever, smallpox, adenovirus
|
|
killed vaccines
|
rabies, flu, HAV, salk polio
(salK = Killed) **egg based = flu, MMR, yellow fever** |
|
segmented viruses
|
all are RNA viruses:
BOAR bunya, orthomyxo*, arena, reo *undergo reassortment=>pandemic |
|
measles virus
|
-paramyxovirus
-Koplik spots on buccal mucosa -SSPE as a late sequelae -giant cell pneumo in immunocomp 3 Cs: cough, coryza, conjuntivitis (and Koplik) |
|
influenza viruses
|
=enveloped ssRNA orthomyxo
-shift: reassortment of genome ..this causes pandemics -drift: minor changes -Tx: amant and ramantadine for flu A. zanamivir and oseltavir for both B and A (these are neuraminidase inhibitors) -vaccine = killed |
|
naked RNA viruses
|
all are icosahedral
picorna, calici, reo |
|
rabiesvirus
|
=enveloped ssRNA rhabodvirus
-negri bodies pathognomonic -bullet shaped capsid -wks - 3 months incubation pd -bat, raccoon, skunk in US -migrates retrograde up to CNS ->fatal encephalitis (seizures + hydrophobia) |
|
arboviruses
|
=transmitted by arthropods
- flavi, toga, bunya - ex: dengue and yellow fever |
|
yellow fever
|
a flavivirus from Aedes mosquito
-> bites monkey or human Sx: high fever, black vomit, jaundice, councilman bodies in liver |
|
Tznack test
|
smear of an open skin vesicle
-detect giant cells -assay for HSV 1, 2 or VZV "Tzank heavens I dont have herpes" |
|
hepatitis surface markers
|
-HAV IgM: active HAV
-HBsAg: continued presence indicates carrier state -HBsAb: IMMUNITY to HBV -HBcAb: + in window period, is an indicator of recent disease -HBeAg: indicator of infectivity. "bE-ware!" -HBeAb: indicates low infectivity. |
|
HIV markers
|
diploid ssRNA genome
p24: nucleocapsid protein [gag] reverse transcriptase [pol] -synthesizes dsDNA from RNA -dsDNA integrates into host gp120: envelope protein [env] gp41: envelope protein (inner) p17: matrix protein |
|
AIDS diagnosis
|
CD4 <200
HIV+ with AIDS disease (PCP...) CD4/CD8 ratio <1.5 |
|
HIV mutations
|
CCR5 (deletion)
-homozygous: immune (1%) -hetero: slower course (20%) CXCR1 -rapid progression to AIDS |
|
AIDS infections
|
-CNS: crypto, toxo, CMV, AIDS dementia, PML (JC virus)
-eyes: CMV retinitis -mouth: thrush, HSV, CMV, EBV [EBV = oral hairy leukoplakia] -lungs: PCP, TB, histoplasma -GI: cryptosporidium, MAC, CMV colitis, NHL (from EBV) -skin: shingles, kaposi's -genital herpes, warts, HPV |
|
prions
|
-neither RNA nor DNA -> protein
-encoded by cellular genes -ass'd with spongiform enceph -normal prions have a-helix -pathologic = B pleated sheet |
|
what in S. pneumo is chemotactic for neutrophils?
|
teichoic acids and peptidoglycan. this causes pus formation
IgA protease allows attachment, and the polysaccharide capsule causes and antibody response. |
|
most likely causes of cervitis and PID in young women
|
GC and CT
both induce endocytosis by epithelial cells of GU tract GC contains B-lactamases -Tx: ceftriaxone, azithromycin or quinolones CT stains gram - but lacks peptidoglycan, so is also resistant to B-lactams. -Tx: macrolides, quinolones and tetracyclines |
|
antibiotic that causes serum-sickness reaction
|
Cefaclor: 2nd gen cephalosporin
-used to treat URIs, LRIs ->serum sickness = urticaria, pruritis, morbilliform rxn, eosinophilia, joint pain, swelling, fever |
|
chloramphenicol adverse rxn in babies
|
'grey baby syndrome'
(toxic drug!) |
|
common virus other than flu that can undergo genetic shift
|
rotavirus (a reovirus. also has a segmented genome)
|
|
signs of bacterial endocarditis
|
Osler's nodes (fingers, toes)
Janeway lesions (painless plaques, small can be anywhere) splinter hemorrhages heart mumrurs in 90% of pts ->can be absent in R-sided **S. aureus is usually the culprit |
|
features of Kleb pneumo pneumonia
|
elderly, alcoholics, DM pts
currant-jelly sputum (clots) lobar pneumonia |
|
VRE mechanism of vancomycin resistance
|
vanc depends on ability to bind D-ala D-ala (synthesis of peptidoglycan bridges)
VRE use D-lactate in peptide bonds instead [=novel cell wall bridges!] |
|
enzymatic deactivation = a mechanism of resistance to which antibiotics?
|
aminoglycosides
chloramphenicol sulfonamides acetylation, adenylation and phosphorylation are the most commmon methods |
|
decreased ribosomal binding = a mechanism of resistance to which antibiotics?
|
macrolides and tetracycline, minocycline and doxycycline
(all of these inhibit protein synthesis) |
|
manifestation of L.monocytogenes in infants (acquired in-utero)
|
granulomas ["granulomatosis infantiseptica"]
can be fatal mom may be asymptomatic or may present with febrile diarrhea |
|
causes and treatment of traveller's diarrhea
|
ETEC, Shigella, Campy
Tx: fluoroquinolones [cipro, ofloxacin, norfloxacin]. TMP/SMX can be used in kids |
|
aspects of maternal-child HIV transmission
|
all babies born to HIV + moms will have a positive ELISA and positive western blot
need PCR or viral culture on tissues to determine the infant's infection status |
|
Bartonella henselae
|
'cat scratch fever'
=regional lymphadenopathy w/or w/out low fever and headaches produces self-limited granulomatous response in draining lymph nodes |
|
Coxiella burnettii
|
Q fever
inhaling dust or cow's milk Sx: mild, nonspecific or pneumonia. can progress to myocarditis or hepatitis |
|
Rickettsia prowazekii
|
endemic typhus (body lice)
produces rash like rocky mtn spotted fever. |
|
manifestations of in-utero infection with CMV
|
hepatosplenomegaly, periventricular brain calcifications, petichial hemorrhages, hydrops.
sensorineural deafness also occurs **more severe infection if mom has a primary CMV infection during pregnancy (30% mortality) |
|
E. histolytica
|
transmitted via fecal-oral route.
1st manifestation is intestinal colonization which may be asymptomatic life threatening complication = HEPATIC amebiasis [abcess with necrotic debris. ameboae are located along edge] |
|
nitrite test in UA is used to distinguish what?
|
most enterobacteriaciae are able to convert nitrate to nitrite
BUT Entercocci are NOT. so nitrite test is negative. -> enterococcal UTIs are often nosocomial |
|
diagnosis and treatment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae
|
cold hemagglutination
+ agglutination with S. salivarius strain MG Tx: macrolides (erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin) |
|
Babesia
|
one week incubation pd, Eastern US, intra-RBC parasite (similar to Plasmodium)
transmitted by Ixodes tick severe cases (rare): hemolysis-> hemoglobinuria and renal failure |
|
reactive arthritis due to Yersinia enterocolitica
|
those with HLA-B27 are predisposed
|
|
VZV in AIDS pts
|
severe debilitating shingles
severe multifocal encephalitis that is often resistant to acyclovir |
|
P. aeruginosa causes this usually benign disease
|
Otitis externa, or 'swimmer's ear'
BUT can become malignant and lead to CN palsies (common in diabetics) |
|
characteristics of VRDL
|
titer will fall late in disease, with or without drug therapy
FTA-ABS will remain high if untreated (won't further rise) |
|
normal vaginal flora of pre-pubertal and post-menopausal women
|
colonic and skin organisms, including S. epidermidis
child bearing age: Lactobacilli, Candida, Streptococci |
|
common cause of spontaneous abortion
|
Listeria monocytogenes
|
|
first line drug for S.pneumo pneumonia
|
penicillin
alternative therapies: vancomycin and erythromycin |
|
common causes of impetigo
|
S. pyogenes, S. aureus
[distinguish with catalase] |
|
safest tetracycline antibiotic for those with renal dysfxn
|
doxycycline (elimiated in feces)
|
|
appearance of H. capsulatum
|
2-5 um yeast with a thin cell wall and no true capsule
TB like illness with formation of masses in the lungs. often in Ohio-Mississippi river valleys |
|
mechanism of septic shock via gram -s
|
lipid A of the LPS is the most toxic component. triggers release of IL-1 and TNF. also activates coag and complement cascades
(O antigen induces specific immunity) |
|
causes of bacterial cholangitis
|
Ascaris lumbricoides
liver flukes -Clonorchis sinensis -Fascioloa hepatica pruritis, jaundice, pale feces, dark urine |
|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin
|
exotoxin A
-ADP ribosylates [inhibits] eukaryotic EF-2 (G protein involved in translation) |
|
neonatal manifestations of C. trachomatis
|
tachypnea, hypoxemia, crackles, wheezing and eosinophilia. Transmitted via mom's vaginal secretions. Conjunctivits precedes pneumonitis
|
|
most common bacterial gastroenteritis in the US
|
Campylobacter jejuni
-contaminated poultry products = 50% of infections |
|
window period of hepatitis infection
|
when neither HBsAg or HBsAb can be detected
caused by ppt of Ag/Ab complexes in the zone of equivalence (so are removed from circulation). eventually will become HBsAg negative, then will finally see presence of HBsAb |
|
Rickettsia rickettsii
|
Rocky Mtn Spotted Fever
vasculitis affects skin and kidney. mortality rate can be up to 10% |
|
Brucella abortis
|
brucellosis
=chronic disease manifested by fever, night sweats [undulating fever], and weight loss. no rash. |
|
what are axial filaments?
|
the means of motility in spirochetes!
|
|
Opisthorchis sinensis
|
the Oriental liver fluke
causes pigmented gallstones (calcium bilirubinate) |
|
Haemophilus ducreyi
|
pleiomorphic gram - rod in parallel short chains
causes chancroid-> tender ulcerative lesion + inguinal adenopathy. remember, primary syphillis chancer is NON TENDER and hard |
|
chlamydia structure
|
does not make ATP, so is obligate intracellular.
cell wall does not have muramic acid in the peptidoglycan. |
|
unique feature of fungal cell membranes
|
ergosterol.
this is targeted by antifungals: Nystatin and imidazole |
|
which part of growth curve does B-lactam antibiotics attack?
|
they inhibit cell wall synthesis, which occurs maximally during the LOG phase
|
|
post-infectious encephalomyelitis
|
can occur following measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, influenza, or chickenpox or rabies vaccine.
=perivenous microglial encephalitis with demylination mortality of 15-40%, only supportive treatment |
|
Bruton's agammaglobulinemia
|
(low B cells)
X-linked recessive defect in tyrosine kinase gene = low levels of all classes of Igs recurrent bacterial infections after 6 months (when mom's IgG levels decline) |
|
DiGeorge's syndrome
|
=Thymic aplasia (low T cells)
thymus and parathyroids fail to develop (due to failure of 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches) Tetany (low Ca), recurrent viral/fungal infections 22q11 deletion** also congenital defects of heart and great vessels |
|
SCID
|
B AND T cells
defect in early stem cell diff recurrent viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoal infxns has multiple causes |
|
IL-12 receptor deficiency
|
low activation of T cells
presents with disseminated mycobacterial infections |
|
hyper-IgM syndrome
|
defect in CD40L on T-helpers prevents class switching
presents early in life with severe pyogenimc infections high IgM, very low IgG, A, E |
|
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
|
X-linked defect in the ability to mount IgM response to bacterial capsules
elevated IgA, normal IgE, low IgM symptoms = WIPE Wiskott: recurrent Infections, thrombocytopenic Purpura, Eczema 12% chance of developing NHL* |
|
Job's syndrome
|
failure of IFN-gamma [low macrophage activation] production by T-helpers. polys fail to respond to chemotaxis.
recurrent saph abcesses, eczema, coarse facies, retained primary teeth, high IgE levels |
|
leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome
|
defect in LFA-1 adhesion proteins on phagocytes
presents early with severe pyogenic and fungal infections also, delayed separation of umbilicus |
|
Chediak-Higashi disease
|
AR defect in microtubule fxn and lysosomal emptying of phagocytes.
recurrent pyogenic infections w/staph and strep, partial albinism and peripheral neuropathy |
|
CGD
|
defect in phagocytosis of polys due to lack of NADPH oxidase
presents w/susceptibility to opportunistic infxns, especially S. aureus, E.coli and Aspergillus. Dx: negative nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction test |
|
chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
|
T cell dysfunction specifically against C.albicans
presents w/skin and mucous membrane Candida infxns |
|
selective immunoglobulin deficiency
|
defciency in B cells to switch to particular cass. selective IgA deficiency is most common-> presents w/sinus and lung infections + milk allergies and diarrhea
|
|
ataxia-telangiectasia
|
defect in DNA repair enzymes and associated IgA deficiency. presents w/cerebellar problems (ataxia) and spider angiomas (telangiectasia)
|
|
associated with HLA-B27
|
PAIR
psoriasis ankylosing spondylitis inflammatory bowel disease Reiter's syndrome (also had previous question that mentioned predisposition to Yersinia arthritis?!?) |
|
acute transplant rejection
|
cell mediated due to CTLs
[hyperacute is due to preformed antibodies] occurs weeks afterwards Tx: cyclosporine |
|
chronic rejection
|
antibody mediated vascular damage [fibrinoid necrosis] (type IV reaction)
occurs months to years later IRREVERSIBLE |
|
GVHD
|
immunoCOMPETANT T cells in the graft proliferate in host's irradiated immune system and reject the host's now 'foreign' cells.
Sx: maculopapular rash, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly and diarrhea |
|
type I hypersensitivity
|
anaphylactic and atopic:
antigen cross links IgE and triggers histamine release rapid reaction after antigen exposure (preformed Ab) ex: anaphylaxis, asthma, hives, local wheal and flare |
|
type II hypersensitivity
|
antibody mediated
IgM and IgG bind to antigen on the foreign cell, leads to lysis by complement MAC/ phagocytosis ex: hemolytic anemia, Rh disease, Goodpasture's, rheumatic fever, Graves', myasthenia gravis, ITP |
|
type III hypersensitivity
|
immune complex, serum sickness
ex: PAN, SLE, RA *most serum sickness caused by drugs (5-10 days after exposure) |
|
type IV (delayed)
|
sensitized T cells encounter antigen and release lymphokines that activates macs
ex: TB test, transplant rejections, contact dermatitis |
|
anergy
|
self-reactive T cells become non-reactive (tolerant) w/out the co-stimulatory molecule
|
|
what HLA type is pernicious anemia associated with?
|
DR5
(DR5 is also associated with juvenile RA) |
|
other HLA types and their associated diseases
|
DR2: Goodpasture's, allergy, MS, narcolepsy
DR3: celiac, type 1 DM, SLE DR4: pemphigus vulgaris, RA, type 1 DM |
|
caspofungin
|
inhibits synthesis of B (1,3) D-glucan in fungal cell walls
**for treatment of INVASIVE aspergillosis (when unresponsive to other Tx like ketoconazole and amphotericin B) |
|
ketoconazole
|
inhibits steroidgenesis. so also works for Cushing's patients.
used to treat serious systemic mucocutaneous fungal infections |
|
terbinafine
|
inhibits squalene epoxidase (which in turn inhibits ergosterol)
used to treat onychomycosis |
|
anti-centromere antibody
|
in 90% of those with CREST syndrome [limited scleroderma]
|
|
auto-antibodies associated with Sjogrens
|
anti-Ro (also SS-A), anti-La (also SS-B), ANA, and RF
**these patients are at increased risk for developing malignant lymphoma (b/c of constant infiltration of glands) |
|
resistant to sterilization (autoclaving)
|
endotoxins [can only remove by scrubbing with detergents]
prions |
|
most important mechanism for removing encapsulated organisms
|
IgG and/or C3b opsonization which takes them to the spleen
(resistant to phagocytosis but NOT opsonization!) |
|
HIV western blot considered positive when...
|
at least two of three of these are present:
gp120, gp41, p24 if not, considered indeterminate, and must get a PCR to confirm |
|
Ixodes tick transmits these microbes
|
Borellia burgdorferi
Babesia microti Erlichia phagocytophila ->presents similar to RMSF but does not have a rash. also see characteristic 'berry like' clusters of organisms inside granulocytes |
|
response to polysaccharide antigen stimulation
|
(in a vaccine). even without T cells, will still make a IgM response.
the T cells (often elicted by a toxoid coupled to the polysaccharide Ag) cause class switching, DTH, etc. |
|
presentation of T. gondii in AIDS patients
|
15-25% of cases will present with seizures
multiple ring-enhancing lesions also seen |
|
tuberculoid vs lepromatous leprosy
|
tuberculoid: indolent course, affects cooler parts of body, and hard to isolate AFB from the affected areas
lepromatous: progressive and invasive. can isolate large #s of AFB from lesions [non-granulomatous.. histiocytic!] |
|
double stranded DNA viruses
|
poxviruses, herpesviruses, adenoviruses
|
|
pathognomonic histo feature for measles (or measles vaccine [live attenuated MMR])
|
WF giant cell
-multinucleated with eosinophilic cytoplasm and nuclear inclusion bodies *created by fusion of lymphs |
|
mixed connective tissue disease
|
joint pain, myalgias, pleurisy, esoph dismotility, skin probs
anti-RNP (high titer), low titer RF, low titer anti-ssDNA |
|
unusual attribute of Cryptococcus neoformans
|
urease positive!
(preferred test is actually not the India Ink stain, but latex agglutination for capsular antigen) |
|
Rickettsia typhi
|
endemic typhus
spread by feces of the rat flea, and the reservoir is the rat |
|
PML
|
caused by JC virus (a papovavirus)
EEG = diffuse slowing over both cerebral hemispheres. Bx= disease limited to WHITE MATTER. also abnormal giant oligodendrocytes, some w/eosinophilic inclusions |
|
viral causes of neonatal encephalitis
|
HSV I (95% of cases)
HSV II CMV *HSV I usually involves temporal lobes |
|
HLA type associated with Lyme disease arthritis (if untreated)
|
HLA-DR4
often occurs in large joints (knees) and in intermittent attacks |
|
catalase positive organisms
|
staph, pseudomonas, candida, aspergillus, enterobacteriaceae
**allows longer survival of bacteria intracellularly |
|
Nystatin mechanism
|
(drug of choice for C. albicans)
complexes with ergosterol and punches holes in yeast membrane [amphotericin B has similar mechanism] |
|
griseofulvin mechanism
|
interferes with mitotic spindle function
used topically to treat dermatophytes (b/c concentrates in stratum corneum) |
|
flucytosine
|
interferes with thymidylate synthetase
used for cryptococcosis **contraindicated in HIV pts b/c causes BM suppression |
|
common variable immune deficiency
|
complex of ACQUIRED diseases, usually in 20s or 30s
number of B cells is NORMAL (distinguish from X-linked agammaglobulinemia) some have intact cellular immunity, but some have severe T cell defects can also see autoimmunity (Addisons, RA, thyroiditis) also bronchiectasis, carcinoma, lymphoma low levels of all Ab classes |
|
Histoplasma capsulatum
|
systemic DIMORPHIC infection acquired through inhalation of soil dust
tiny yeast forms intracellularly (so is NOT spread person-person) often found in RES cells |
|
malarial hypnozoite
|
only in P. vivax and P. ovale
causes relapse of disease b/c of dormant forms in the liver **cured by PRIMAQUINE |
|
immune mechanism used to fight filarial infection
|
antibody dependant cell mediated cytotoxicity
coats w/thin layer of IgE and triggers eos-mediated cytotoxicity [type II] and release of substances from basophils/mast cells [type I: local anaphylaxis] |
|
C3 deficiency
|
susceptible to recurrent infections w/encapsulated bacteria
(C3 is an opsonin) usually not detected til later in life |
|
fluroquinolone use in kids <18
|
arthropathy, myalgias, leg cramps
|
|
appearence of Tinea pedis [dermatophyte]
|
colorless, branching hyphae with cross-walls and arthroconidia
|
|
maximum spore formation of B. anthracis occurs during what phase of growth curve?
|
stationary phase
(cell growth ceases b/c of a lack of nutrients or build up of toxins) |
|
Leptospirosis
|
caused by a spirochete shaped like a "shephard's crook"
fatal form: Wal's disease-> jaundice, bleeding, renal failure, skeletal muscle necrosis spread via contact w/blood or urine of infected animals (often rats) |
|
tabes dorsalis
|
manifestation of tertiary syphillis
=ataxia, wide based/slapping gait, degeneration of dorsal spinal columns and dorsal roots |
|
erythromycin facts
|
macrolide used in treatment of URIs and skin infection
inhibits CYP450, so potentiates effects of theophylline |
|
pair of molecules that causes phagocytes to enter area of infection
|
LFA-1 (integrin) + ICAM-1 (member of Ig superfamily)
causes strong adhesion to promote diapedsis of polys, T lymphs, macs, dendritic cells |
|
which part of the brain does infective endocarditis affect?
|
emboli cause multiple small PARIETAL LOBE abscesses
(can present with stroke like symptoms) |
|
distinguishing feature of H.flu that causes epiglottitis and/or meningitis
|
polyribitol phosphate CAPSULE (HIB)
H. flu causing otitis media does not possess this capsule |
|
species that undergo natural transformation
|
(take up free DNA)
Haemophilus, Streptococci, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, H.pylori |
|
Th1 cells produce which cytokines?
|
IFN-gamma and TNF-B
(these stimulate macrophage microbicidal activity) |
|
TNF-alpha
|
product of macrophages and NK cells
cytotoxic for TUMOR cells, induces cytokine production, causes chronic inflammation |
|
mechanism of sulfonamides
|
competitive inhibition of PABA
->inhibits folic acid synthesis required for bacterial growth |
|
mechanism of quinolones
|
inhibit DNA gyrase (which is nescessary for DNA replication and repair)
|
|
cytokine that induces class switch to IgA
|
IL-5
|
|
immune status of patients with full blown AIDS
|
make lots of IgM to gp120, gp41 (envelope proteins) b/c don't need T cells to make IgM
but can't make IgG to viral structural proteins **are ELISA seronegative (ELISA looks for IgG to p24) but paradoxically have high total Ig levels (b/c of high IgM levels from B cells) |
|
rat bite fever (2 forms)
|
-> Streptobacillus moniliformis
-short incubation pd -more common in US -> Spirillium minus -1-4 wk incubation pd -more common in Japan *both manifested in children, with a rash (most obvious on palms and soles) |
|
immunoglobulin allotypes
|
*can be used in paternity cases
ex: Kappa light chains, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 heavy chains |
|
anti-histone autoAb
|
drug induced SLE
|
|
anti-ribonucleoprotein (SS-A, SS-B)
|
mixed connective tissue disease
|
|
important reservoir cells of HIV
|
follicular dendritic cells in germinal cells of lymph nodes
|
|
retroviruses means of replication
|
produce a dsDNA intermediate that transcribes mRNA
|
|
-ssRNA means of replication
|
produces a (+) sense ssRNA intermediate that produces mRNA
(uses RNA-dependant RNA polymerase) |
|
which is the most common type of mycobacteria in AIDS patients?
|
TB!
although MAC is common, TB is still more prevalent (except when CD4 falls below 60) |
|
cytokine that mediates isotype switch to IgE
|
IL-4 (produced by Th2 cells)
|
|
anti-mitochondrial autoAbs
|
associated with primary biliary cirrhosis
->increase in alk phos more than AST/ALT -> ass'd with Sjogrens, scleorderma, RA, thyroiditis, celiac, glomerulonephritis |
|
anti-smooth muscle autoAbs
|
seen in autoimmune hepatitis
|
|
PCP is seen in AIDS patients and also in..?
|
preemies (2nd most common group to be infected)
3rd: probably BM transplants |
|
ascaris method of infection
|
ingestion of human feces containing eggs (contamination)
no intermediate host! |
|
hives (urticaria) are what type of hypersensitivity?
|
type I
|
|
screening test for CGD
|
nitroblue tetrazolium (negative)
|
|
IL-10
|
produced by Th2 cells to inhibit Th1 (which effectively decreases likelihood of a DTH rxn)
|
|
ofloxacin + antacids
|
= dramatic increase in bioavailability of the fluoroquinolone (the two will bind in the GI tract)
|
|
cromolyn sodium
|
stabilizes mast cell membranes (inhibits degranulation)
|
|
theophylline
|
inhibits phosphodiesterase, which increases cAMP and makes degranulation less likely
|
|
most powerful neutrophil chemotactic factors
|
C5a and IL-8
|
|
parasitic stage of T. gondii that crosses the placenta
|
tachyzoite [rapidly dividing forms that spread via blood]
|
|
associated with HLA-DR2 and DR3
|
SLE
(type 1 DM is DR3 and DR4) |
|
most common outcome of HBV infection
|
subclinical disease and recovery (60-65%)
|
|
which complement component removes immune complexes from the serum?
|
C3b
|
|
acyclovir mechanism of action
|
inhibits viral DNA polymerase
[must be phosphorylated by a viral kinase to work] |