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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Louis Pasteur
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Disproved idea of spontaneous generation and proved the idea of biogenesis (one life form producing another lifeform) in 1861. Proved that microorganisms are everywhere which paved the way for aspetic techniques.
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Joseph Lister
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Introduced the idea of using disinfectants for surgical instruments and dressings
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Robert Koch
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Pure culture technique. Linked an organism with a specfic disease
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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
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Fathere of Bacterilogy and Protozology
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Founders of Microbiolgy?
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Robert Koch and Joseph Lister
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Define Prokaryocyte.
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An organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and memebrane-bound organelles.
All members of the Kingdom Monera. |
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Name the two domains of Prokaryocytes.
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Bacteria- True and Cyano
Archaea |
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Cyanobacteria is responsible for what important fuction of life?
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Photosynthesis
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Archaeas are also called ____
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Extremophiles
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Define Eukaryocyte.
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Organisms in which the DNA is enclosed within a membrane-bound nucleus; organelles are membrane-bound as well.
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Name the domain of the Eukaryocyte.
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Eukarya
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Which organisms are included within the Eukarya domain?
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Algae
Fungi Protozans (one-celled animals, amoebas, paramisums) Parasitic worms (helminths)- they need hosts |
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Compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Prokaryotes (termed "pre-nucles) were the dominant inhabitants of earth for 2 billion years. No nuclear membrane. Smaller than Eukaryocytes. Peptidoglycan cell walls (bacteria) No membrane bound organelles.
Eukaryotes (termed true nucleus) started lines for evolution. Evolved from prokaryotes. Larger than prokaryotes. Nuclear membrane, cellulose and chitin in cell walls (when present), membrane-bound organelles |
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How long have microbes been evolving on earth?
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35 billion years
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Photosynthethic microbes contribute to ___ of the earth's photosynthesis.
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50%
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Earth's temp regulation is based on two greenhouse gases. Name them and what do they do?
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Carbon dioxide and methane. They create an insulation layer to retain heat
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How are greenhouse gases produced?
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By microbes living in the environment and in the digestive tracts of animals
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List 5 major roles of microbes in the world.
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Ecological (photosynthesis, oxygen production)
Food/beverage production Bioremediation (use of microbes to clean up enviornmental spills) Medically important microbes (normal microbal flora and pathogenic agents) |
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System of nomenclature
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Kingdom
Phylum (division) Class Order Family Genus Species |
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5 kingdoms of Whitikar's System of Classfication
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Procaryotae (Monera): all prokaryotes inclunding eubacteria and archaebacteria
Protista: single celled eukaryotic microbes (algae and protozans) Myceteae: fungi Plantae Animailia |
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3 Domains of Woese System of classification
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Bacteria: 12 kingoms of bacteria
Archaea: 3 kingoms of archaebacteria Eukarya: 10 kingdoms of eukaryotic organisms |
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Prokaryotic cell shapes
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coccus (spherical)
bacillus (rod-shaped) spirillium and spirochetes (spherical) |
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Prokaryotic arrangment patterns
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diplo- 2
strepto- 2-4 sarcina- 4-8 stapho- grapelike palisades- columnar cells |
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Prokaryotic's cell membrane is in the structure of a fluid mosaic model which consist of:
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phospholipds (hydrophillic heads and hydrophobic tails)
proteins |
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Wha is the importance of the Prokaryotic fluid mosaic model?
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for the engulfment of foods and discharge or secretion of cells
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What are mesosomes and what are their functions?
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Mesosomes are infoldings of plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells.
They increase the internal surface area available for membrane activites. |
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5 functions of the prokaryotic cell membrane
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semipermeable barrier
transport respriration secretion biosynthesis |
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What is the function of the prokaryotic cell wall?
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to help limit the likliehood of osmotic lysis (cell burst upon water flowing into the cell and swelling)
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What do gram postive cells consist of?
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Peptidoglycan (provides strength and durability)
teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid (functions in the maintence and enlargement of cell division and immune response) |
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Gram Negative cells consist of:
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a thin, inner peptidoglycan layer
And outer membrane contain lipopolysaccharides (LPS or endoxin) |
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Lipopolysaccharides consists of___? what are their functions?
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proteins (porins have regulatory control over molecules entering and leaving the cell) AND
phospholipids. They are used as identification and blocks host defenses. |
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Treatment with lysozymes or growth in media with penicilin results in_____ of the cell wall structure?
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They interrupt formation by protecting aganist peptidoglycan from being built properly, thus weakening of the cell wall
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Define L-Forms
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Bacteria that ordinarily have a cell wall but lose it during parts of their life cycle. They are then either a spheroplast or a protoplast are susceptible to cell lysis.
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Name the differences between protoplasts and spheroplasts.
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Protoplasts are from gram positive cells and consist of the cell walll totally missing.
Spheroplasts are from gram negative cells are consist of the outer membrane of the wall remaning intact. |
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A type of L-form that is a type of phelmorphism is a _____.
What is its definition? |
Mycoplamsa- a bacterial genus which fails to produce cell walls. It contains sterols which make it resistant to lysis
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The glycocalyx consists of a _____ or _____?
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A capsule (tightly adherent)
or a slime layer (loosley adherent) |
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Functions of the glycalyx:
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Antiphagocytic
Promotes adherence to surfaces (stops bacterial cells from sticking to the surfaces of your body and colonizing) |
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What is the function of a flagella?
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Required for motility or self-repulsion
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Flagellum moves in response to _______
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chemotaxis
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Define: montrichous
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single flagellum
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Define: lophotrichous
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single bunches or tufts emerging from the same site
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Define: amphitrichous
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flagella at both sides of the cell
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Define: peritrichous
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flagella are dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell
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Fimbriae is found in both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Describe the Fimbriae's role in the cell
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To enhances the bacteria's ability to attach to the host and cause disease
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Pilli is found in gram negative bacteria ONLY. Describe pilli's role in the cell wall.
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used in the exchange of genetic material during bacterial conjugation, and a short pilus called a fimbrium is used as a cell adhesion mechanism.
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What is the role of ribosomes?
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protein synthesis
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What is the 70S complex?
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S or Svedberg units- rate the molecular size of various cell parts that have been spun down and seperated by molecular shape and weight in a centrifuge.
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Inclusion bodies and granules are also called _____
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storage bodies
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Inclusion bodies consist of glycogen, polyhdroxybutyrate, and polymetaphosphate. What is polymetaphosphates's role?
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Stains a contrasting color. important source of building blocks for nucleic acid and protein synthesis.
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Define: endospore
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produced by gram postive rods, a dormant body produced by bacteria, beneficial for survival
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Why are endospores impregnenated with calcium dipicolinate?
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It removes water and leaves endospores very dehydrated making it less vulnerable to the effects of heat, as heat-fixing requires a certain amount of water in the protoplasm. This makes it metabolically inactive, and highly resistant to damage, also.
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