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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define Microorganisms
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minute living things too small to see with the naked eye.
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List the 3 domains
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Bacteria
Archaea Eukarya -protists -fungi -plants -animals |
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Prokaryotes:
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Prenucleus, have no nucleus. Genetic material is NOT enclosed in a nuclear membrane.
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Bacteria:
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Eubacteria "true-bacteria"
- Small unicellular organisms. - prokaryotes ("prenucleus") - cell shapes: bacillus (rod), coccus (ovoid), spiral or corkscrew - cell wall primarily of peptidoglycan. - reproduce by binary fission - cloning |
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Common Shapes of Bacteria are?
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Bacillus (rod)
Coccus (spherical or ovoid) Spiral or corkscrew |
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What is the term for Rod shaped bacteria?
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bacillus
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What is the term for spherical or ovoid shaped bacteria?
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coccus
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The cell walls of bacteria are primarily composed of?
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peptidoglycan
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Bacteria reproduce by?
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binary fission (cloning)
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What microorganism is known as an "extreme-ophile"?
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Archaea
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Archaea:
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- prokaryotes (no membrane bound nucleus)
- cell walls lack peptidoglycan - extreme environments |
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What are the 3 main groups of Archae?
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Methanogens, Extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles
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salt-loving
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halophile
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heat-loving; live in hot
sulfurous water such as hot springs in Yellowstone National Park. |
Thermophile
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produce methane gas as waste product
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Methanogen
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________color the water of salt evaporation ponds in San Francisco Bay.
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halophiles
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Fungi
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- eukaryotes (cell with nucleus)
- cell walls composed of chitin - organic chemicals for energy - molds and mushrooms are multicellular consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae - yeasts are unicellular |
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Cell with a nucleus
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Eukaryote
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Cell without a nucleus
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Prokaryote
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What is a unicellular form of Fungi? Multicellular?
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Yeast. Mushrooms
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_______ are a typical type of fungi
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Molds
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What are the two ways Fungi can reproduce?
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sexually (meiosis), asexually (mitosis)
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Asexual reproduction & sexual reproduction
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meiosis (sexual), mitosis (asexual)
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Protozoans:
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- Eukaryotes
- absorb or ingest organic chemicals - may be motile via pseudopods, cilia or flagella. |
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What are the 3 means of locomotion and classification of Protozoans?
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cytoplasmic streaming (amoebas)
flagella cilia |
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Organism that moves by cytoplasmic streaming
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Amoeba
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Algae:
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- are photosynthetic eukaryotes.
- Cellulose cell walls - produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds |
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Viruses:
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- are so small that they can only be seen with an
electron microscope. - acellular - are parasites which require a host cell to replicate itself. -simple structure: - Core contains the nucleic acid (DNA or RNA but not both) - Protein coat surrounds core - Lipid envelope may surround coat (not same as cell membrane) |
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Microorganism too small to be seen without an electron microscope
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viruses
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name the 2 multicellular animal parasites. (helminths)
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flatworms
roundworms |
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Multicellular Animal Parasites (helminths)
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- Eukaryotes
- parasitic flatworms, roundworms at some stage in life they are microscopic |
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He observed and made drawing of "cells" from a cork
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Robert Hooke
mid 1600s |
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They established the cell theory
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Schleiden and Schwann
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What are the 6 tenets of the cell theory?
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1. all known living things are made of cells
2. cell is the basic structural & functional unit of all living things 3. all cells come from pre-existing cells by division 4. cells contains hereditary information 5. all cells are basically the same in chemical composition 6. metabolism and biochemistry of life occurs within cells |
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- first to observe living single celled microorganisms.
- he made numerous drawings of bacteria, protozoa and sperm. - discovered that heat kills microorganisms. |
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
late 1600s |
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________________ states that life could arise spontaneously from non-living matter
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Spontaneous generation
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Spontaneous generation:
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life could arise
spontaneously from non-living matter. People thought that toads, snakes, and mice could be born from moist soil and that flies could emerge from manure, and that maggots, the larvae of flies could arise from decaying corpses. |
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opposed spontaneous generation and instead believe that "life begets life"
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Fancesco Redi
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Describe the experiment by Francesco Redi to dissprove spontaneous generation.
late 1600's |
Experiment:
• 3 jars with decaying meat and sealed them tightly, no maggots • 3 jars with decaying meat and left them open, maggots • 2 jars, one open, one with Gauze. No maggots in the one with gauze. |
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These two men boiled nutrient broth, transferred it into flasks that were then sealed. 1st Had microbial growth because flask was not sterilized. 2nd did not.
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Needham
Spallanzani Mid 1700's |
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Describe John Needhams experiment to support Spontaneous generation
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He heated nutrient fluids (chicken broth and corn
broth), cooled it, and then poured it into covered flasks, the solutions were teeming with microorganisms. • Needham claimed that the microbes developed spontaneously from the fluids. |
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disproved Spontaneous generation. • suggested that microorganisms from the air probably
entered the solutions from the air after they were boiled. • showed that nutrient fluids heated after being sealed did not develop microbial growth. |
Spallanzani
mid 1700s |
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living cells can arise only from
preexisting living cells....name that Theory. |
Theory of biogenesis
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- He said cells arise from pre-existing cells. Proposed Theory of Biogenesis.
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Virchow
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demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air
and that they can contaminate sterile solutions, but air itself does not create microbial life. 1. Beef broth into long necked flask 2. heated the neck of flask and bent it into an S shaped curve then boiled broth for several minutes to kill bacteria. 3. Microorganisms did not appear even after long periods |
Louis Pasteur:
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Developed first vaccine, for smallpox by collecting scrapings from cowpox blisters then inoculating volunteer by scratching their arm with cowpox contaminated needle.
Person became mildly sick but recovered never contracted cowpox or smallpox. |
Edward Jenner
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Joseph Lister
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Founder of aseptic surgery.
Began soaking surgical dressings in a mild solution of phenol to kill bacteria. |
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Proved the germ theory of disease.
discovered a rod-shaped bacteria now known as Bacillus anthracis in the blood of cattle that had died of anthrax. • He cultured the bacteria and injected samples of the culture into healthy animals which became sick and died. • isolated the bacteria in the blood and found it to be the same as the original bacteria isolated. • Experimental procedure used to relate specific microbe to a specific disease is known as Koch’s postulate |
Robert Koch
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What is Koch's postulate?
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Experimental procedure used to relate specific microbe to a specific disease.
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discovered Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the causative agent of gonorrhea.
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Albert Neisser
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developed immunization techniques based on Edward
Jenner’s work with smallpox (vaccination) |
Louis Pastuer
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Who discovered Streptococcus pneumoniae?
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Louis Pastuer
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Robert Koch:
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- Proved germ theory of disease
- Developed pure culture and staining techniques. - Discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Vibrio cholerae. - Koch's postulate - procedure used to relate specific microbe to a specific disease. |
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developed a differential staining technique called the Gram stain which differentiates bacteria into 2 groups, gram (-) and gram (+)
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Hans Christian Gram
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discovered E. coli, the causative agent of urinary tract infections and traveler's diarrhea.
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Theodor Escherich
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introduced a covered dish for growing microorganisms on a solid medium.
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Richard Julius Petri
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proposed a theory of immunity in which antibodies are responsible for immunity. Discovery of chemotherapy. Magic bullet - subject that could destroy the pathogen without harming host.
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Paul Ehrlich
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Dimitri Iwanowski
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discovered a filterable organism (virus) caused tobacco mosaic disease
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Alexandar Fleming
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discovered the antibiotic,
penicillin, by accident. Penicillium chrysogenum which could inhibit the growth of bacteria. |
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Carolus Linnaeus
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established the system of nomenclature (naming) for organisms which assigns each
organism 2 names… A. Genus is the 1st name and is always Capitalized and underlined or italicized. B. Specific epithet or species is the 2nd name and is not capitalized, but is underlined or italicized. |
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What is the proper nomenclature for organisms?
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A. Genus is the 1st name and is always Capitalized and underlined or italicized.
B. Specific epithet or species is the 2nd name and is not capitalized, but is underlined or italicized. |
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What are the 5 beneficial activities of Microorganisms?
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1) Degrade dead plants and animals and recycle chemical elements.
2) Microorganisms are used to decompose organic matter in sewage...recycle water and prevent pollution of rivers and oceans. 3) cause disease in insects and thus can be used as biological insect control 4) Can be used to produce food. Soy Sauce, Yogurt, Beer, Bread, Cheese 5) Can be used to produce human proteins like insulin |
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What class of microorganism is classified according to their means of locomotion? List the 3 means of locomotion.
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Protozoans:
cytoplasmic streaming cillia flagella |
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Of the 3 domains, which are prokaryotes and which are eukaryotes?
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Prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotes: Eukarya - protists - fungi - plants - animals |
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Compare and contrast Bacteria and Archaea (prokaryotes)
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Both are prokaryotes (lack a membrane-bound
nucleus) The two differ in chemical properties of their cell walls and cell membranes Bacteria are sensitive to “bacterial” antibiotics; Archaea are not sensitive to many of the common “bacterial” antibiotics The protein and nucleic acid synthesizing enzymes of Archaea resemble those of eukaryotes, but the corresponding bacterial enzymes are different Bacteria include animal and plant pathogens; the Archaea do not (so far as we know) |
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both partners benefit
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Mutualism
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neither partner benefits and neither is harmed
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Commensalism
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one partner benefits, but the other is harmed
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Parasitism
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What occurs in the root nodule of a legume?
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bacteria are stored there as the plant absorbs nitrates that only the bacteria can produce.
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What do these microorganisms have to do with the cultivation of
rice in Asia? |
bacteria creates nitrogen and plant gets it from bacteria. Nitrogen rich plant dies and settles to bottom of water where nitrogen then fertilizes the floor of water way.
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organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye
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Microorganisms
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a rapidly growing cell
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Germ
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Microbes
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Are more diverse than plants and animals
Are enormously abundant Grow in virtually every place on earth where there is liquid water Carry out transformations of matter essential for life Play a major role in biogeochemical cycling Decompose organic waste Affect the climate Are primary producers (base of the food chain) in ecosystems by either photosynthesis or chemosynthesis Can live in extreme environments Influence the behavior of animals and plants |
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________________ discovered in atmosphere and snow
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Rain-making bacteria
ice-nucleating bacteria |
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___________ attach to root hairs
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Rhizobia
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enlarged root cells form a ________.
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nodule
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Bacteria change into ____________; packed root cells enlarge.
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bacteroids
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An ________ __________ is formed through which bacteria enter root cells.
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infection thread
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Riftia, or undersea tube worms, lack a ________ ________ and instead relies on bacteria for nutrients.
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digestive system
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__________ help to produce fermented foods and beverages such as wine, beer, vinegar, cheese, bread and chocolate.
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Microbes
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Types of Microorganisms (7)
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Bacteria
Archaea Fungi Protozoa Algae Viruses Multicellular animal parasites |
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Bacteria are prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
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prokaryotes
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no membrane-bound nucleas?
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prokaryotes
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What are charachteristics of bacteria? (4)
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Prokaryote
Peptidoglycan in cell walls Binary Fission For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis |
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Archaea are prokaryote or eukaryote?
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prokaryote
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Describe Archaea (4)
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prokaryotic
lack peptidoglycan in cell walls different type of cell membrane extremophiles |
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What are the 3 types of extremophiles (Archaea) ?
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Methanogens
Extreme halophiles (salt loving) Extreme thermophiles (heat loving) |
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_______ ___________ was thought to be in the air. It's Origins trace back to Aristotle.
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Vital force
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The hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life
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Biogenesis
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Who was the person who devised an experiment with flyes and meat in jars to disprove spontaneous generation?
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Francisco Redi
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This man boiled hay infusions, then transferred the boiled infusion to two flasks while it was still hot.
Uncovered flask - yes growth covered flask with parchment paper - no microbial growth |
Louis Joblot
early 1700's. |
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This man showed that air depletion was not the sole reason for sterility in Spallanzani's flasks. He exposed boiled nutrient broth to air that was sterile by concentrated gases.
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Schulze
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He discovered stereochemistry
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Lous Pasteur
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This man showed that bacterial endospores survive boiling, but are killed by repeated cycles of boiling and cooling.
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John Tyndall
late 1800's |
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Asked by Napolean to investigate the causitive agent of bad wine
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Pasteur
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The application of a high heat for a short time to kill bacteria.
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Pasteurization
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_________ recycle carbon, nutrients, sulfur and phosphorus that can be used by plants and animals.
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Bacteria
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_______________ is the process of bacteria degrading organic matter in sewage. Bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury.
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Bioremediation
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Bacillus thuringiensis infections are fatal to many insects but harmless to animals, humans and plants. True or False?
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True
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Missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced in ______ ________.
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gene therapy
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Genetically modified bacteria are used to protect crops from ________ and __________.
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insects and freezing
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Bacteria were once classified as plants, giving rise to the use of the term ______. This term has been replaced by __________.
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flora, microbiota
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Microbes normally present in and on the human body are called _______ _________.
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normal microbiota
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Normal microbiota produce ______ __________ such as folic acid and vitamin K.
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growth factors
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__________ are caused by microbes that attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses. They will grow on rocks, pipes, teeth, and medical implants.
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Biofilms
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Be familiar with biofilm formation
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Planktonic forms
Attachment monolayer Microcolonies Exopolysaccharide (EPS) production Maturation |
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This disease is primarily in waterfowl and poultry.
Sustained human-to-human tranmission has not occured yet |
Influenza A virus (H5N1)
not to be confused with more recent but not as sever "Swine" Flu virus (H1N1) |
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SARS???
Associated with Coronavirus |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome
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MRSA
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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(also resistant to penicillin) |
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Flesh-eating Bacterium is also known as?
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Invasive group A Streptococcus
Rapidly growing bacteria that cause extensive tissue damage. |
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First diagnosed in the West Nile region of Uganda in 1937.
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West Nile Encephalitis
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Mad Cow Disease...caused by a prion, also causes Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans.
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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
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Leading cause of diarrhea worldwide. Association with undercooked hamburgers, unpasteurized fruit juices and raw spinach and lettuce.
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Escherichia coli 0157:H7
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Causes fever, hemorrhaging and blood clotting.
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Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
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#1 disease associated with swimming. Causes 30% of diarrheal ilness in developing countries. Transmitted via water in the US.
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Cryptosporidiosis
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Caused by human immunodeficiency virus. Sexually transmitted infection.
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Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
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