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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Fungi are _____that includes mushroom molds and yeast |
EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS |
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Fungi lack |
Chlorophyll
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Why fungi not perform photosynthesis |
Lack chlorophyll |
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Fungi are_____ that includes____,____,____ |
Fungi are eukaryotic organism that includes mushroom, molds and, yeast |
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Capable of using performed organic compounds for both energy and carbon |
Chemoheterotrophic |
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Fungi acquire nutrients nutrients by |
Absorption |
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They produce ____ to predigest food before absorption |
Digestive enzymes |
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Have cell walls typically composed of |
Chitin Cellulose |
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Most of them are |
Saprobes/saprotrophs
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Sapros= |
Rotten |
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They use __ or ___ for food |
They use dead or decaying organic materials for food |
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Most of them are saprobes/saprotrophs and use dead or decaying organic materials for food , these forms are also called |
Decomposers |
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Some trap and kill |
Soil-dwelling nematodes |
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Some fungi are ___ and ____ |
Parasites and pathogens |
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A Specialized hyphae produced by parasitic fungi which allows some to derive nutrients from living plants and animals. |
Haustoria |
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Fungi are major cause of |
Plant disease |
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Many ____ are facultative anaerobes |
Yeast |
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Can live without the presence of oxygen |
Facultative anaerobes |
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They prefer more ___than bacteria |
Acidic conditions |
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Fungi can tolerate ______ and ______ tham bacteria |
High osmotic pressure and lower moisture |
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Fungi are larger than ___ and have more_____and ______ |
Larger than bacteria, Have more cellular and morphologic detail |
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Fungi usually prefer a pH of about __ which is too acid for most bacteria |
5 |
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Almost all molds are |
Aerobic |
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Most yeast are |
Facultative anaerobes |
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Most fungi are more resistant to ___than bacteria. So they are able to grow in jellies, fruit juice, salted meats, etc. |
High osmotic pressure |
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Fungi can grow on substances with_____ |
Very low moisture content (e.g baked goods) |
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Fungi require somewhat _____than bacteria |
Less nitrogen |
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Fungi can break down ____such as____, that most bacteria cannot. |
Complex carbohydrates such as wood |
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Fungi that form beneficial associations with roots of vascular plants |
Mychorrhizae |
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Significance of fungi |
- Decompose dead organism and decaying materials and recycle their nutrients - Use for food (Shitake, truffles) - Produce Antibiotics (Penicilins and Cephalosporins) - Use in manufacture foods, beverage, or food processing - Form beneficial association with roots of vascular plants |
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Many fungi form ____ that can be used for industrial processes they degrade____ |
Enzymes, degrade heavy metals |
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Some form organic compounds equivalent to |
Jet oils |
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Can be genetically engineered to produce____ originating in other organism |
Complex proteins |
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___%are pathogend |
30% |
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Insect control, to kill pest |
Entomopathogenic fungi |
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Live in plant tissues |
Endophytic fungi |
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Last two features that are not beneficial to humans |
30% are pathogens or cause disease of plants animals and humans Can spoil fruits pickles jams and jellies |
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Mushrooms are named |
Club fungi |
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Mushrooms are named club fungi because during sexual reproduction their hyphae form club shapes, spore bearing, swelling called |
Basidia |
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Differ from each other by forming |
- Different size of basidia - How many spore a basidium produce - Organization of the gills or spores |
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Are a class of true fungi that consist of: |
- Mycelium (network of filaments or strands that grow in the soil or in rotting log) - The fruiting body that forms and release spores |
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Network of filaments or strand that grow in the soil or in rotting log |
Mycelium |
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Where do mycelium grow |
Soil or rotting log |
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Is much like the seed of a plant will germinate into a new organism |
Spore |
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Many mushroom are delicious to eat but many that appear edible are extremely toxic that can cause |
Permanent brain damage or death |
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Benefits of mushroom |
- Ideal food for person following a weight management program or diet for hypertensives - Exellent source of Potassium - Rich source of Riboflavin, Niacin, Selenium - Whitebutton mushroom reduce risk of breast and prostate cancer - Extract of WBM decrease cell proliferation and decrease tumor size in dose-dependent manner |
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Mineral that help lower elevated blood pressure and the reduced risk of stroke |
Potassium |
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Mushrooms are excellent source of |
Potassium Riboflavin Niacin selenium |
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An antioxidant that works with vitamin E to protect cells from damaging effects of free radicals |
Selenium |
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Can reduce the risk of breast cancer and prostate cancer |
White button mushrooms |
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An extract of white button mushroom decrease |
Cell proliferation and decreased tumor in dose-dependent manner |
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Molds are |
Filamentous, multicellular |
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The thallus of a mold consists of |
Long filaments of cells joined together called hyphae |
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Hyphae may either be |
Septate Aseptate |
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Have cross walls are septa |
Septate |
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No crosswalls |
Aseptate/Coenocytic |
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When environmental conditions are suitable the hyphae grow interwine and form a mass called ____ which is visible to the naked eye |
Mycelium |
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Portion of the mycelium concerned with obtaining nutrients |
Vegetative mycelium |
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The portion of mycelium concerned with reproduction |
Reproductive or aerial mycelium |
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Reproduction of molds is by |
Spore formation either sexually asexually on the reproductive hyphae |
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Molds have a great importance because |
They are the main source of antibiotics |
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Source of antibiotic penicillin |
penicillium notatum |
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From the aspergillus mold on peanuts and cotton seed that are extremely toxic to human and farm animals and have been shown to be carcinogenic as well |
Aflatoxin |
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Aflatoxin is from the_____ mold on____ and____ |
Aspergillus mold on peanuts and cottonseed |
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Forms and release spores |
Fruiting body |
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Yeast are |
Nonfilamentous, unicellular |
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Typical shape of yeast |
Spherical or oval |
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Yeast usually reproduce by |
Budding |
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Yeast occasionally reproduce by |
Spore formation |
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Yeast are ___or____ |
Aerobic or facultative |
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Yeast are found in |
Soil Water Skin of many fruits nad vegetables |
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Yeast frequently found as a____on fruits and leaves |
White powdery coating |
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Yeast are naturally occurring on the |
Skin of grapes and other fruits |
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Responsible for fermentation process |
Yeast |
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Common yeast used that ferment sugar to alcohol and their anaerobic conditions |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
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Cervesa means |
Beer |
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae ferments sugar under__conditions |
Anaerobic conditions |
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In _____conditions is breakdown simple sugars to carbon dioxide and water used for racing dough |
Aerobic |
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Anaerobic condition yeast breakdown _____ to ____ and _____ used for raising dough |
Simple sugars to carbon dioxide and water |
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Pathogenic yeast that causes yeast infections |
Candida albicans |
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Some fungi (usually pathogenic species) exhibit |
Dimorphism |
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2 forms of growth |
Dimorphism |
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Dimorphic fungi can live either as ___or___ depending on growth conditions. |
Molds or yeast |
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Dimorphic fungi when isolated from living tissue at body temperature (37°C) they appear in a |
Unicellular parasitic form of yeast |
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If grown at room temperature (20°C) or isolated from the soil or dust they grow in the |
Saprophytic form as molds |
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Causes histoplasmosis |
Histoplasma |
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Causes sporotrichosis |
Sporothrix |
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Causes coccidioidomycosis |
Coccidioides |
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Causes candidiasis |
Candida albicans |
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Medically important Phyla of Fungi |
Deuteromycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycete |
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Deuteromycota is also known as the |
Fungi Imperfect |
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The phylum might be described as a "____" fungi are place until sexual pores are observed when the fungus can be properly classified |
Holding category |
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Deuteromycota grow as |
Yeast or molds |
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Deuteromycota are identified on basis of ___and____ of their____ |
Basis on shape and arrangement of their conidiospores |
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Zygomycota is also known as |
Conjugation fungi |
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Zygomycota have a ____hyphae |
Coenocytic |
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Sexual spore produce by zygomycota |
Zygospores |
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Asexual spore produce by zygomycota |
Sporangiospores |
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Zygomycota are ______molds |
Saprophytic |
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Zygomycota can be opportunistic some are pathogenic in the |
Immnocompromised |
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Common black bread mold |
Rhizopus nigricans |
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Ascomycota known as |
Sac fungi |
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Ascomycota includes |
Molds with septate hyphae and some yeast |
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Ascopores develop within the sac called |
Asci |
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Ascomycota sexual spore |
Ascospores |
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Ascomycota asexual spore |
Conidiospores |
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Sexual spores |
Basidiospores Zygospores Ascospores |
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Asexual spore |
Conidiospores Sporangiospores |
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Cause athlete's foot, ringworm, dandruff, nail fungus, jock itch |
Trichophyton |
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Conidiopores form long chain on branching conidiophores creating a brush like structure that looks like a broom |
Penicilium spp. |
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Means brush |
Penicillus |
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Form long chains on globelike conidiospore |
Aspergillus spp. |
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Pulmonary disease of animals and humans |
Aspergillosis |
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Infection is often secondary to |
Tubercolosis |
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Causes Mississippi Valley Fever |
Histoplasma Capsulatum |
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Other term for mississippi valley |
Histoplasmosis |
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Histoplasma capsulatum can get from |
Bird droppings and bat guano |
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Part of our natural flora, oppurtunistic |
Candida albicans |
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Vaginal and intestinal yeast infection and thrush in the mouth |
Cottage cheese patches called cadidiasis |
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Known as club fungi |
Basidiomycetes |
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Many form basidiocarps |
Puffballs, mushrooms, shelflike bodies on trees |
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Basidiomycetes spores |
Conidiospores (Asexual) Basidispores (sexual) |
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Basidiospores form on the____ of mushroom basidiocarps |
Gills |
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Poisonous mushroom, toxin causes mycotoxicosis |
Amanita |
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Yeast cell surrounded by a capsule |
Cryptococcus |
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Cryptoccocus causes |
Fatal meningitis |
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Fungi cannot tolerate the ____ that bacteria can (fungal spores aren't as resistant as _____) |
High temperature, fungal spores |
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All have some means of _______ involving _____and______ |
Asexual reproduction, involving mitosis and cytokinesis |
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Most also reproduce |
Sexually |
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Fungi can be defined as |
Nucleated Achlorophyllous Osmotrophic Spore-bearing |
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How do fungi reproduce |
Sexually and asexually |
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Branching of fungi |
Filamentous bodies surrounded by cell walls |
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Fungi cell wall composition |
Cellulose Chitin Both |
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Fungi are classified within the domain |
Eukarya |
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According to Whittaker fivekingdom system are categorized within the |
Kingdom Fungi |
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Kingdom fungi(_____) |
Myceteae |
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Other references divide them between the kingdoms |
Chromista and Eumycotina |
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Fungi may adapt well to environments that |
Do not support growth of bacteria |
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Fungi are classified according to |
The type of sexual spore that they form |